Giving up densities of rabbits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Giving up densities of rabbits - Research Paper Example The purpose of the study was to determine how far the cottontail would go from its natural habitat for the food set up in the trays. The prediction was that the cottontail rabbits would not venture too far from their home for the food set up in the trays at a further distance. There were two trays set up at a closer distance. In the one tray the food was easier for the rabbits to get to than in the other tray that was set out at a close distance to the proximity of the rabbits natural habitat. The prediction was that the rabbits would not want to venture to far away from the habitat to find the food that was set out for them. The rabbits would not work as hard at the closer two trays that were set up with the rabbit nibble, because the rabbits would be too frightened that a predator would come and hunt the rabbit. The rabbits would devour the food from the tray that was easier to grab at, and easier to get to the food, because the rabbits would not want to stand there too long to get the food. The rabbits would want to hurry, and eat so they would not be discovered by any predators. The importance of a rabbit giving up density is because the rabbits do not want to be discovered while going through extra lengths just to get the food. The rabbits give up density for safety, and will always go for the easier food that is closer to their habitat, than go for food that is far away from their habitat. â€Å"When we say ‘habitat’ we are referring to a location that suits best the basic needs of the living organism,† Cottontail Rabbit Habitat, (1). Materials and Methods The materials used for this experiment were four feeding troughs. The troughs were filled with dry sand, and then filled with rabbit chow. The rabbit chow was mixed with the sand. There was the same amount of food put into two troughs, and the same amount of food put into the other two troughs. The troughs were filled with unequal portions of sand. When the sand was poured into the t roughs with the food the food was then blended well with the sand. The two troughs with the most food in them were placed further in the field. The two troughs with the least amount of food were left near the habitat of the rabbits. When the rabbits came out in the night the rabbits ate from the two troughs that were closest to the habitat. â€Å"Cottontail rabbits generally forage for food at night and stay concealed in brush during the daytime,† Moore, (1). The researchers put the troughs out at night, and expected the rabbits to eat from them during the night. The experiment was conducted in the same spot over the course of the three nights. The experiment warranted the use of the troughs in the same spots over the course of the three nights as not to have inconsistencies with the results of the experiment. The rabbits ate more food from the trough that was closest to their habitat, and not filled with as much sand. The researchers found that the rabbits ate more from the trough that did not have as much sand in it, because the rabbits found it easier to get to the food with less sand in the trough. The rabbits did not want to linger too long at the troughs to get the food. The rabbits were afraid of any predator coming around and harming the rabbits as the rabbits were trying to eat. Results The results of the experiment were that the rabbits ate less out of the two troughs that were far away. The rabbits ate more out of the trough that was close to their habitat,

Children and the hous Essay Example for Free

Children and the hous Essay Carver has been called a dirty realist. In what way do you think this can be applied to Neighbors and Theyre not your husband?  I dont think Carvers work can really be stereotyped; it is certainly different from other fiction by other American writers, so I dont think it can ever really be given a heading like dirty realism.  Even though the word dirty conjures pictures of filth, squalor and generally anything sexually different that people tend to shun, but in fact it almost has a double meaning- it doesnt have to mean sordid- its almost a term for describing anything sexually explicit which might otherwise be thought unethical or immoral. Neighbors is a story which basically is an insight into someone elses life- something that you would never normally know about that could be translated as interfering or an incredible lack of respect for other people and their belongings.  Theyre not your husband is a portrayal of male behavior and how controlling it can sometimes be.  Neighbors is a revealing insight into the life of a couple going through a particularly difficult stage in their relationship. The idea of such a trivial thing like feeding their friends cat is a particular trait of Carvers- to use something incredibly mundane to blossom something amazing from something pretty boring and routine. The way Bill and Arlene break all the unwritten laws of society and therefore bring a new flame to their relationship is odd in itself, but when you think about it, it is an obvious way- to try on the lives of people who are happy and confident in their relationship, and copy it into yours. The non conformist way they behave is yet another style of Carver; to show us the way people behave when they know other people cant see into their world or the way they are acting. I dont think that this particular story is particularly dirty, even if it is slightly sexual- it is not particularly crude or off putting. It is quite subtle- for example, the way that they always use the excuse of playing with Kitty when they spend hours in the Stones flat, is reminiscent of felines, which can be portrayed as erotic or sexual, and it is such a pathetic excuse that its obvious its not true- but neither of them ever questions it, they seem to have a hidden bond which lets them understand each other perfectly, and I think this is why they dont need to discuss anything when they go into the flat together. Although the Millers make the fatal mistake of leaving the key inside the house at the end of the story, it is too late, the image of perfect, routine middle- class life is broken. We realise that when we saw these people as a normal couple, mundane with no ups and downs in their lives, that we had only just scratched the surface. These people can behave just as badly as anyone else an although we do not see it, they are just as unlikely to conform to some perfect boring lifestyle than any of us. Theyre not your husband is a frank description of how male behavior can lead to extremes when men are put under great pressure. This can often happen in relationships when the female is more successful than the male, yet is unlikely to happen in circumstances where the man is the breadwinner and a wife or partner is left at home to look after children and the house.  This statement is proved when Earls failure to get himself a job leads to his controlling behavior over his wife in a want of something to live for, a purpose in life. Earl enjoys having some influence over her life and the way he can make decisions for her- after all, he doesnt really have any to make for himself. It gives him something to think about- ways to get her to lose more weight quickly, to make her an object of desire that he can be proud to be seen with. Earl seems to have no opinions or morals of his own- he relies on the opinions and gossip of other people to tell him whether his wife is attractive or not. He doesnt seem to be able to tell that she has lost too mush weight- it is like he has lost slight control of his mind, similar to the way anorexics do, they believe they are still fat even when they are skeletal. Earl would like her to continue losing weight until he hears someone say that she looks good- then he would be satisfied. The language used in this story is much more crude and chauvinist than that used in Neighbors. When the two business men discuss Doreen, saying Some men like their quim fat, this is deliberately coarse and blunt to represent just how lightly it was said, and how shallow Earl must be to take it seriously instead of standing up for his wife and forgetting about it. Instead he walks out of the cafe, pretending not to know her to save himself embarrassment. The language they use is quite dirty, but this is not Carvers own views- it is him trying to show how insincere and shallow people can be, and the seedy way they can behave. How 0men can judge a woman simply by her looks and completely ignore character. This is extremely realistic in the sense of how people are embarrassed to admit they are with somebody because they think theyre special, desperate for other people not to think worse of them because they like someone not considered to be up to the standards of others. It shows the appalling level that things can get to in a real- life situation without any of the family noticing much. IT takes outsiders to make a difference, good or bad. In both stories Carver uses dirty realism to give the audience an insight into the lives of real people- things that could actually happen and dont revolve around some huge unrealistic drama like a lot of fiction does. However it is a lot more obvious in Theyre not your husband than it is in Neighbors, simply because the language is that much more raw and unrefined. It is subtler in Neighbors, yet it is still there, and if anything, I find the subtlety more effective than the obvious, harsh language in Theyre not your husband. In both stories the language is simple and unpolished, leaving the mind of the reader open to discover the seedy and immoral world he has based his characters in. It opens your eyes to see the world around us in the same way, which is slightly daunting and depressing, but probably a good thing in the long run as it lets us look at other people and realise how pointless their lives are.  I think Carver has been classed as a dirty realist simply for the reasons that he uses sex as to act as a part in the life of human beings which can be changed by something which doesnt have to be very dramatic, making it realistic.

Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda

Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda Tracing the origins of a genocide is a treacherous undertaking. If simply recording the facts can be difficult, due to the chaotic and brutal disregard of human existence and culture, then tracing the social, cultural and political origins/causes is highly problematic. If the interpreter chooses to trace these origins to the distant past, by considering peculiar cultural developments and tensions then he/she can be accused of absolving those who were actively involved in the genocide of the responsibility that should be attributed to them. If on the other hand, the interpreter chooses merely to concentrate on the motivations of those involved then this can be at the expense of a broader understanding of the circumstances that enabled such motivations to flourish. This dilemma certainly confronts efforts to explain the most notorious genocide in human history, in Germany during the second world war. Hannah Arendt for example, asked us, disturbingly, to think of Eichman as just a burea ucrat trying to do the best for his career and family as a creation of the dark side of modernity. In attempting to explain a more recent, equally brutal, genocide in Rwanda in 1994 we are once again confronted by the interpretive dilemma described above. In the case of Rwanda the issue for those attempting to explain why almost 1 million people were murdered in the space of just a few months, has been the extent to which ethnicity was the decisive factor. Was it ethnic tension and rivalry that erupted, horrifically, into the mass killing of a minority ethnic group by another majority ethnic group? If so then how did such viscous ethnic tension emerge? Was it an artificial creation of colonial rule, that was very likely to eventually end in violent conflict? Or were ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi the deliberate construction of power groups bent on the annihilation of their enemies, their competitors for power. And to what extent were these tensions class based rather than ethnic? In the following essay I shall show how there is more at stake in assessing the contributi on of ethnicity to the genocide in Rwanda than the degree to which ethnicity was a factor. Moreover, it is very clear that ethnicity played a part but the key issue is when, who, how and for what purpose was ‘ethnic’ division created? Our answers to these questions will lead us to the very meaning of the ethnicities themselves. Ethnicity and Genocide Before we can begin to address the particular case of Rwanda however we should clarify what will be meant by both ethnicity and genocide. The term ethnicity is usually employed to refer to the identity of a group of people who share a particular geography, language, history, religion, habits and customs that can be distinguished from other such groups. Whether this identity is ‘imaginary or real’, as Obi Zgwanda notes, is irrelevant. What matters is that there is a perception of ethnic differences and that this perception guides the actions and interactions of those who hold to them. It is important also to note here that ethnicity is a social identity that is not necessarily confined by, or the product of, precise geographical boundaries. Indeed Africa is a good example of a region that consists of many ethnicities that pre-date the establishment of geographical boundaries. Moreover, just because a certain social identity is not geographically demarcated against another social identity, it’s other, does not mean that the social identity in question is any less describable as ethnic (Igwara, 1995: 7) The term genocide requires a much more formal definition. This is because there often seems to be some confusion between killing that is motivated by ethnic hatred and the deliberate, planned attempt to eliminate a certain ethnic group which is what we shall understand to be genocide. The distinction is important because it is much easier to understand the socio-historical causes of violence between ethnic groups than it is to trace the socio-historical legacy that led to genocide. In other words, there may exist ethnic tensions or competing ethnicities but it is a big step to then understand them as the key contributing factor in genocide. And once we recognise that genocide is planned and deliberate then we also have to take into account the motivations of the planners of the genocide. In other words, we need to consider the extent to which ethnicity was manipulated by actors bent on the paranoid accumulation of power and wealth. Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities? Hutu and Tutsi are the two main ethnic groupings in Rwanda. But are they really distinct ethnic groupings. After all, they share the same language and customs and are not divided by religion either. Indeed, they also share the same geography. The Hutu, who are the majority group, have been historically distinguished, most significantly, merely by their occupation as farmers of the land whereas Tutsi are mainly cattle farmers. To be sure this is an important difference, in that ownership of cattle has traditionally been thought of as the chief measure of status. There are some who believe that Tutsi and Hutu can be distinguished also by appearance but then there are others still who believe that this is mythical, a social imagination of former Tutsi rule which explains why they are thought to be taller. In any case, the pre-twentieth century history of Tutsi and Hutu suggest that the two groups were different not as ethnicities as such but as two layers of a caste system. This would perhaps explain why prior to the twentieth century the Hutu and Tutsi coexisted relatively peacefully; certainly if the cultural and economic hierarchy between Tutsi and Hutu was internalised as a natural order within the social identities of the two groupings. Indeed, to describe the Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities may indeed be a Eurocentric way of classifying the differences between the two groups that wants to divide up the world into distinct ethnicities, much in the way that nations are divided up. To put the point differently, it is rather like understanding the middle and working classes in Britain as separate ethnicities. To conclude this section, if the genocide carried out by Hutu against Tutsi is to be understood in terms of ethnicity then the ethnicity we are referring to must surely be a recent creation and therefore, perhaps less decisive as a factor? Colonialism and the construction of ethnicity It is now widely recognised that colonial rule of Africa, and other parts of the world, created tensions that otherwise might not have existed. There are two key reasons for this effect. Firstly, the dividing up of Africa by European powers in the 19th and early 20th century created artificial boundaries which subsequently became states, and which would later become the subject of dispute and violent conflict. Secondly, and more significantly in the case of Rwanda colonialism imposed what is called the settler/native dialectic. The settler/native dialectic did not just impose a hierarchy it established an altered consciousness in which social identities were relative to the superiority of the colonist (Mamdani, 2001). Moreover, consent to colonial rule was imposed not just through force but through a kind of cultural assimilation in which the native was encouraged to aspire to the cultural and economic superiority of the settler. This surely had the effect of heightening tensions bet ween groups that were privileged or marginalised within this dialectic thus feeding a key ingredient of ethnicity, namely otherness (Mamdani, 2001) German control of Rwanda up until the first world war certainly followed the logic of colonialism described above. Throughout German occupation the dominance of the Tutsi was further institutionalised through administrative and economic structures. And the enforcement of a tax regime meant that the Tutsi were both partly responsible for and beneficiaries of the collection and allocation of revenue. However, it was Belgian colonialism that had the most significant impact on relations between Hutu and Tutsi, and the social construction of ethnic identity in Rwanda. There are several key factors here. Firstly, after taking control of the colony after world war one, the Belgian authorities introduced formal ethnic identification. Every Rwandan was forced to carry identity cards stating their ethnic identity, i.e Hutu or Tutsi. Placed alongside the continued support for the Tutsi elite and the explicit belief that the Tutsi were superior to the Hutu, physically and culturally, this surely had the effect of polarising the ‘ethnic’ contrast between the two groups (Igwara, 1995: 46) Worse still, the Belgian authorities attempted to make Rwanda into a profitable colony and thus enforced a much harsher regime than under the Germans. Since much of the administration of this regime was carried out by the Tutsi an actual dynamic of tension was set in place that was to unfold throughout the twentieth century. The Belgian colonisers certainly helped to ensure, albeit unintentionally, that this dynamic became conflictual and violent. In the 1950’s signs of unrest amongst the Hutu population in reaction to their oppressed condition led the Belgian authorities to introduce a greater measure of equality between the Hutu and Tutsi. Moreover the growing confidence and deepened collective consciousness of the Hutu eventually resulted in a bloody overthrow by the Hutu of the Tutsi regime in 1959. From 1962 onwards the Hutu reversed the Tutsi dominance, often just as brutally as the regime that it replaced. By the 1990’s the Hutu and Tutsi were divided, at least, by divergent collective memories of the past, or in other words by conflicting ethnic identities. By way of conclusion to our summary of the effects of colonialism, we can say that the colonial control of Rwanda clearly established tensions that might not otherwise have existed, which had the effect of strengthening the ethnic self-consciousness of the Hutu and Tutsi (Mamdani, 2001). Though we have not yet established the degree to which ethnicity contributed to the genocide in Rwanda, it is clear that the tensions that were present in the early 1990’s were ethnic ones, even if they were only recently created. By this time the perceived cultural differences between the Hutu and Tutsi were not mere economic. The Genocide It is one thing to establish that the genocide occurred against a background of decades of ethnic strife, but quite another to claim this strife was the decisive factor in the genocide. To claim that ethnicity was the decisive factor in the genocide is perhaps to suppose that the genocide was spontaneous, that it was the rising to the surface of ethnic injustice and hatred whose will was carried out by the militia who slaughtered so many Tutsi, in such a short space of time. But perhaps this is what the perpetrators of the genocide would like us to believe. Perhaps it would be more accurate to claim, following the definition of Genocide outlined above, that the genocide was deliberate and planned and that the ethnic hatred, and thus the particular ethnicity that played a part was also deliberately cultivated for the purpose of carrying out genocide. There are several key factors here. Firstly whilst its scale was unprecedented in Rwanda, the genocide arguably began sometime before 1994. During the late 1980’s and early 1990’s a series of progroms were carried out. These were smaller scale brutal killing expeditions by Hutu militia, coordinated by the Hutu government, most probably in preparation for genocide on a much greater scale (Freeman, 1998). The Hutu government appeared to have arrived at the conclusion that the surest way to permanently secure its power base was the elimination of the Tutsi. The rhetoric of the regime during this period certainly seems to confirm this. But the Hutu suppression of the Tutsi during this period, under the leadership of Habyarimana, was not simply motivated by the desire to ethnically cleanse. Even though viscous ethnocentric rhetoric was employed the Hutu government were perhaps more fearful of the consequences of the pressure that was being brought on them by external powers for democratic reform and thus the i nclusion of the Tutsi. The progroms then, and the eventual genocide may be seen as an attempt to eliminate any threat to its power base before it was required to relent to pressure for democratic reform. Indeed, the introduction of democratic reform during the early 1990’s only further strengthened the Hutu governments cause. More press freedom and the establishment of new political parties only led to more pro-Hutu and more anti-Tutsi rhetoric. This rhetoric was also more specifically targeted against the Arusha accords which were supposed to establish a power-sharing arrangement with the Tutsi. To be sure, the chances for the success of the accords was diminished also by the invasions between 1990-93 of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) a Tutsi led militia force based in Uganda. However the fear amongst the Hutu elite that if the accords were realised they would lose their cultural and political positions was more decisively a factor in their racialisation of Rwanda politic s during the period before the genocide. The extent to which the Rwandan genocide was planned and thus the result of a power struggle rather, merely, than ethnicity, is evidenced by the events that led up to the genocide in the months before. On April 6th 1994 a plane carrying the president was shot down by a missile, killing everyone on board. But in the same day of the attack, Hutu militia were out on patrol checking the identities of all passers by if they were Tutsi they were brutally murdered with machete’s (Freeman, 1998: 49). The killing that ensued then was immediate and on a mass scale during a period of just 3 months. Estimates of the number of Tutsi killed ranged between 700,000 and 1 million. The apparent suddenness of the genocide as well as the inaction of the international community should not however, disguise the significant and not well concealed evidence that the genocide was planned even predictable. Indeed the attack on the presidents aeroplane is still shrouded in mystery. It is unclear who ca rried out the attack and some suspect that it may have been Hutu extremists concerned that the Hutu government would relinquish some of its power base to the Tutsi. And it should also be noted that the genocide was not just targeted at Tutsi but Hutu moderates. The relative absence of ethnicity as a factor in the summary above leaves out an important question however. How is it, if the genocide was a planned attempt by the Hutu elite to eliminate any potential threat to its power-base, that so many people participated in the genocide. However, only 10% of the Hutu population participated in the killings. The image that is often portrayed of the people killing their neighbours often obscures this statistic. It is true that Tutsi and Hutu lived in the same communities and spoke the same language and even married each other but one cannot make the further step that the genocide was the spontaneous eruption of ethnic hatred. Clearly, the events and origins of the genocide in Rwanda are highly contested. Indeed, it is important to include here the interpretation of the events offered by western governments and the western media. There is much evidence to suggest that both the U.S and France had the operational military capability to intervene ra pidly and decisively to halt the genocide. Furthermore the shooting down of the presidents plane has never properly been investigated, either by the U.N, American or Belgian authorities. Moreover Rwanda represents a massive failure on a number of fronts. The most blatant failure was clearly that of the United Nations for pathetically sending in peacekeeping troops that were merely able to stand by and watch the slaughter. Then there is the failure, and apparent inconsistency of the ‘American empire’ to decisively intervene despite its interventions elsewhere. And there is also the failure to prevent the genocide, to do anything about the preparations for genocide. Indeed, Rwanda was actually viewed as a model of development of an example of the success of international development aid. This is despite the substantial use of international aid for the funding Hutu militia and the luxurious lifestyles of the Hutu elite. From the perspective of these failed actors, or non-actors, it is certainly much more convenient either to understand what happened in Rwanda as ‘civil war’ or to understand it as a sudden eruption of ethnic tensions that defy easy explanation. Curiously, by laying the blame for the genocide at the door of colonialism the cultural studies, post-colonial explanation for the genocide in Rwanda actually ends up allying itself with the former colonial powers who apparently ‘powerless’ to intervene. Conclusion Whilst ethnicity is clearly a factor in the genocide in Rwanda, we need to be careful the way in which and the degree to which attribute this factor. Firstly, historically the Tutsi and Hutu have been divided along class rather than ethnic lines. Their differences do not take the form of ethnic differences in the European sense of the term. Secondly, whilst the colonial intensification of tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi created a consciousness of ethnicity that might not otherwise have existed we should be careful when attempting to trace the specific and brutal act of genocide to the legacy of colonialism. Thirdly, the years, months, days and hours that proceded the genocide suggest that it was planned and thus not a sudden eruption of ethnic tension and hostilities as is sometimes implied. Bibliography John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda:  A Collective Memory. Washington, DC: Howard University  Press, 1999. Charles Freeman, Crisis in Central Africa Hove: Wagland, 1998 Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become  Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Obi Igwara, Ethnic Hatred: genocide in Rwanda London: ASEAN, 1995

The Unnecessary Death of Jessica Hathawaye :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Unnecessary Death of Jessica Hathawaye When will the day come when parents realize children are not possessions to be manipulated!? Children are people, too, and need guidance - don't we all? - but is it necessary to force our beliefs and practices upon them, demanding they emulate only the lifestyle we lead? It sickens me to see the tragic waste of human life, specifically the lives of children. Going one step further, it sickens me to see parents who lack the common sense that God gave a dog! One can't drive an automobile without passing a test, but any idiot can have a child. It wasn't bad weather that killed Jessica Hathaway. It was the effects of her mother's non-conformist lifestyle and preaching. Imagine a small seven year old girl, living in a quiet town on the coast of northern California. One would envision the child playing with dolls, serving tea from her Barbie play-time tea set to her mom or dad, maybe even showing off her schoolwork from the day's lessons in grammar school. A very believable childhood scenario. Not for Jessica Hathaway. Jessica wasn't allowed to play with dolls or teddy bears. Jessica Hathaway wasn't allowed to go to grammar school with the other children. Jessica wasn't even allowed to read children's books. Introducing New Age mother and self-acclaimed spiritual healer, Lisa Hathaway, Jessica's mother. Lisa has her own ideas about how to raise her children, as do we all, but Lisa's ideas ride the fence between extreme New Age philosophy and 60s idealism. Lisa encouraged Jessica to follow her bliss, though it seems obvious the real encouragement was to follow her mother's bliss. A seven year old child finds bliss in a chocolate candy bar, or in playing house with friends, but certainly not in reading technical material from an equestrian magazine or flying a plane across the country. Jessica Hathaway never watched television; there wasn't one in her house and she wasn't allowed to watch anyone else's. Truthfully, we all could use a little less television. Jessica didn't go to school, Lisa felt the children should forge their own way in life. Real life the best tutor, experience the best preparation. That could apply to an eighteen year old, but a seven year old? Lisa failed to file a home-schooling plan with local authorities, another display of her anti-conformist attitude. School is an unfit place for my children, Lisa has said.

Concrete

The crack widths predicted by the different codes have been calculated for a range of varying parameters: Varying tension reinforcement stress (Figure 9) Varying cover (Figure 10) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress. (Figure 1 1) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600. Figure 12) BBS 5400 results have been plotted using a Ms / MGM ratio of 0. 1 and 1. All results have used long term values where available. Larger versions of these graphs may be found on the Powering presentation associated with this paper. The following observations can be made from the graph results: The BBS 5400 results using the two different load ratios gave substantially different results, with the higher ratio giving increased crack widths. The BBS 8110 results were either approximately centrally placed between the two BBS 5400 results, or close to the lower values.The Recoded 2 results were usually reasonably close to the mean of the other results. The CUBE-Flip-1990 results were consistently the lowest for high steel stresses and high concrete cover values. Results with varying spacing were close to Recoded 2 results. The IAC 318 results were consistently the highest, being close to and slightly higher than the upper bound BBS 5400 values. All crack widths increased approximately linearly with increasing steel stress Crack widths increased with increasing cover, with Recoded 2 reaching a constant value at 70 mm cover, and the CUBE-PIP code at 35 mm cover.The other codes continued to increase more than linearly up to 100 mm cover. All codes predicted increasing crack width with increasing bar spacing and constant reinforcement area steel stress. Figure 9: Varying tension reinforcement stress Figure 10: Varying cover Figure 11: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress Figure 12: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600.When the steel stress was adjusted to the maximum allowable under AS 3600 (I. E. Reduced for increasing bar spacing and increasing bar diameter) the predicted crack widths were reasonably uniform in the spacing range 50 to 200 mm, then tended to reduce with greater spacing. DEFLECTION The main differences in approach to the calculation of deflections are summarized low: Australian and American codes are based on the Brannon equation, using a uniform average effective stiffness value.Australian codes allow for loss of tension stiffening through a reduction of the cracking moment related to the free concrete shrinkage. Allowance for shrinkage curvature in the Australian codes is simplified and will underestimate curvature in symmetrically reinforced sections. British codes allow only a low tension value for cracked sections, which is further reduced for long term deflections European codes adopt an intermediate approach for cracked sections, tit an allowance for loss of tension stiffening.British and European code prov isions for shrinkage curvature are essentially the same Effective stiffness, calculated according to AS 3600, Recoded 2, BBS 5400, and BBS 8110, and with no tension stiffening, is plotted against bending moment for the same concrete section used in the crack width analysis. Figure 13 shows results with no shrinkage, and Figure 14 with a shrinkage of 300 Microscopic. RESEARCH ABOUT THE METHODS USED IN DIFFERENCE CONCRETE STANDARDS AS 3600 limits the maximum reinforcement stress under serviceability loads to a axiom value dependent on either the bar diameter or the bar spacing, whichever gives the greater stress.AS 5100 has the same limits, with an additional requirement to check for lower limits under permanent loads for elements in exposure classifications 82, C or U. Recoded 2 limits stresses in essentially the same way, except that the limits are presented as maximum bar spacing or diameter for a specified stress, rather than vice versa. The Recoded 2 limits are related to 3 diffe rent values of nominal crack width, 0. 2 mm, 0. 3 mm or 0. 4 mm, under pseudo-static loading. The applicable crack Edith depends on the exposure classification and type of member.Code Provisions for Crack Width Limits As well as stress limits, Recoded 2 has detailed provisions for the calculation of design crack widths, which are summarized below: The basic formula for crack width: crack spacing x (mean steel strain – mean concrete strain) makes no allowance for variation in crack width between the level of the reinforcement and the surface of the concrete, however the crack spacing is mainly related to the cover depth, and the crack width is directly proportional to crack spacing, so the depth of cover has a significant effect on crack widths.The expression for Seems – ECMA limits the effect of tension stiffening to 40% of the steel strain. For long term effects the tension stiffening coefficient is reduced by 1/3, from 0. 6 to 0. 4. The British concrete design codes specify a design crack width at the surface of the concrete as follows: The basic approach is similar to Recoded 2, except that the crack width is projected from the reinforcement level to the concrete surface. The main differences between BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are: BBS 5400 includes a factor to reduce the effect of tension stiffening, depending on the ratio of live load moment to dead load moment (Ms / MGM).The effect of this is to reduce tension stiffening effects to zero for a load ratio of 1 or greater. The tension stiffening coefficients are differently formulated. The IAC requirements are based on stress limits derived from the Surgery-Lutz equation: The IAC 318 equation makes no allowance for tension stiffening, and predicts crack width at the upper bound of those studied in this paper. Results are usually similar to those from the BBS 5400 equation using a Ms / MGM ratio of 1 .AS 3600, AS 5100, and IAC 318 AS 3600 and AS 5100 provisions for â€Å"simplified† calculati on of deflections are identical other than a typographical error in AS 5100), and are both based on the â€Å"Brannon† equation, which is also used in IAC 318. The equation in IAC 318 is differently formulated, but will give identical results for the same cracking moment and section stiffness values. The AS 3600 version of the equation is shown below: left is calculated for the maximum moment section, and applied along the full length of the member being analyses.The calculation of the cracking moment in the Australian codes (but not IAC 318) includes an allowance for the shrinkage induced tensile stress in the unchecked section, which contributes to loss of tension stiffening: AS 3600 and AS 5100 provide a factor KC , applied to the calculated deflection, to account for the additional deflection due creep and shrinkage: KC = [2- 1. 2(ASS / East)] Note that for a symmetrically reinforced section KC reduces to the minimum value of 0. , being the effect of creep deflection alon e. 6. 4. 2 OBSESS,BBS 8110 Deflections in BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are calculated from integration of section curvatures. The cracking moment and curvature of cracked sections allows for a short term concrete tensile stress of 1 Amp, reducing to 0. 5 Amp in the long term. Shrinkage curvatures in BBS 8110 are determined from the free shrinkage strain, and the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the cracked or unchecked section, as appropriate.BBS 5400 uses a similar approach, but tabulates factors based on the compression and tension reinforcement ratios. 6. 4. 3 Recoded 2 and CUBE-PIP 1990 (MAC 90) The European codes also provide for calculation of deflections by integration of section curvatures, but provide a different expression for the stiffness of cracked sections: Shrinkage curvatures are assessed using a similar method to that given in BBS 8110:

The Versailles Treaty Put an End to World War I

The Versailles Treaty Put an End to World War I The Versailles Treaty, signed on June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in Paris, was the peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. However, the conditions in the treaty were so punitive upon Germany that many believe the Versailles Treaty laid the groundwork for the eventual rise of Nazis in Germany and the eruption of World War II. Debated at the Paris Peace Conference On January 18, 1919- just over two months after the fighting in World War Is Western Front ended- the Paris Peace Conference opened, beginning the five months of debates and discussions that surrounded the drawing up of the Versailles Treaty.   Although many diplomats from the Allied Powers participated, the big three (Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and  President Woodrow Wilson  of the United States)  were the most influential. Germany was not invited. On May 7, 1919, the Versailles Treaty was handed over to Germany, who was told they had only three weeks in which to accept the Treaty. Considering that in many ways the Versailles Treaty was meant to punish Germany, Germany, of course, found much fault with the Versailles Treaty. Germany did send back a list of complaints about the Treaty; however, the Allied Powers ignored most of them. The Versailles Treaty: A Very Long Document The Versailles Treaty itself is a very long and extensive document, made up of 440 Articles (plus Annexes), which have been divided into 15 parts. The first part of the Versailles Treaty established the League of Nations. Other parts included the terms of military limitations, prisoners of war, finances, access to ports and waterways, and reparations. Versailles Treaty Terms Spark Controversy The most controversial aspect of the Versailles Treaty was that Germany was to take full responsibility for the damage caused during World War I (known as the war guilt clause, Article 231). This clause specifically stated: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. Other controversial sections included the major land concessions forced upon Germany (including the loss of all her colonies), the limitation of the German army to 100,000 men, and the extremely large sum in reparations Germany was to pay to the Allied Powers. Also enraging was Article 227 in Part VII, which stated the Allies intention of charging German Emperor Wilhelm II with supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties. Wilhelm II was to be tried in front of a tribunal made up of five judges. The terms of the Versailles Treaty were so seemingly hostile to Germany that German Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann resigned rather than sign it. However, Germany realized they had to sign it for they had no military power left to resist. Versailles Treaty Signed On June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Germanys representatives Hermann Mà ¼ller and Johannes Bell signed the Versailles Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles near Paris, France.

How to Get Writing a Novel off your Bucket List

How to Get Writing a Novel off your Bucket List How to Get â€Å"Writing a Novel† off Your Bucket List Natalie Barelli harbored a dream that's all too familiar for our readers - writing a novel. An IT professional writing a psychological thriller might have seemed like a  pipe dream, but persistence led to a book which by all accounts is a real page-turner. If "writing a novel" is still on your bucket list, you'll find some good inspiration and advice below!Edit:  Just 6 months  after publishing "Until I Met Her", Natalie Barelli got signed by Amazon Publishing's imprint Thomas Mercer. You can read about how that happened here.It was a conversation about bucket lists that got me started. Over a glass of wine - or ten, let’s be honest - my friend and I were lamenting the fact that it’s so easy to put something into the bucket list, but almost impossible to get it out again.So we decided to pick one each, and get on with it. And mine was to write a novel. More specifically, a psychological suspense novel, because I love them. I read them all the time, I am addict ed to them, and find them to be great stories. Ironically, I didn’t use to enjoy writing very much, but I have always loved stories, and the idea of them. And of course probably like anyone who has ever wanted to write a novel, I thought I could write one because I love reading them.Having decided that I would write a novel, I figured there must be structures out there that I could follow, something akin to the three-act paradigm that is used in film narratives. I was hoping for a â€Å"join the dots† style model, something along the lines of â€Å"kill someone in chapter 1† and â€Å"throw in a suspect in chapter 3† then link ‘em up in chapter 2. I got one item out of my bucket list, my house has never been so clean, and I published Until I Met Her on Amazon on 16 June, ten days ago at the time of writing this. To date the novel has received seven five-star reviews, all of which point to a good plot and good writing.I sure didn’t get those on my own.Until I Met Her here is now available on  Amazon, so make sure to get your copy!How close are you to finishing your first novel? Does  Natalie's story sound like a day out of your life?  Please  share your thoughts and experiences, or any question for Natalie, in the comments below!

English Anthology Course Work Essay Example

English Anthology Course Work Essay Example English Anthology Course Work Essay English Anthology Course Work Essay Show how the pots create a strong sense of place in Island man and another poem form the culture section from you anthology. In my opinion Grace Nichols creates a particularly strong sense of place in island man using a wide range of techniques, which span from imagery to alliteration. Above the first stanza theirs a short caption that I think sets the mood for the poem beneath, I believe it to be a successful attempt to geode the reader into Grace Nicholes desired direction it says For a Caribbean island man in London who still wakes up to the sound of the sea the reason for inserting this caption I think is to set a vivid comparison between the two stated locations Caribbean Island and London therefore whats interpreted to be a tropical paradise is being compared with the commonly accepted bland grey London city which in turn creates an extremely strong sense of place and surroundings before the poem even starts. The last piece of decryption before the poem is describing the Caribbean island, and the first word of the poem is morning after reading the caption nine times out of ten I think the reader will still be picturing the island and the reality of discovering the man was dreaming and hes infect in London becomes ever more apparent, the where about of the protagonist is no longer questionable a sense of place has been firmly been established. The reader is now aware that the man was dreaming about the island and can sympathise with him taking the dull north circular journey he has to take into consideration. The poet plays around with the reader slightly I think and regularly snaps in and out of this fictional reality despite the fact the man is now awake, the way in which the poem is organised adds to this effectively, Grace Nicholes knows where the man would rather be and which location we the reader would rather read about so I think she deliberately sets the poem out to dash our hopes in again being on what we thought was a Caribbean island, the poem reads: Morning and the island man wakes up to the sound of blue surf The reader thinks they are going back to the island in his head in doing this we are 100% certain of our where abouts we are in a place where any thing can happen, this adds to the excitement factor of the poem dramatically because we no longer know what to expect. where in a place where we and the man would rather not be dreaming/fantasising about an idealistic paradise island Like in the beginning of the poem Grace Nicholes uses simple decryption to add to the overall atmosphere of the island in doing so intensifying the readers perception of the Caribbean island, simple decryption like Morning and Wild Sea Birds are inference tactics, they make the reader think of other words/phrases which would directly be associated with a Caribbean island an example of some of these words would be a tropical horizon or free roaming exotic animals. We are led through all the delights of a natural paradise and then we are dropped back in to the real word with a bold statement. Another London day Imtiaz Dharkers Blessing portrays a very clear idea of place from the very start, the poems name its self I believe to be an obvious indication of are probable where abouts the fact that the poem is called blessing would indicates to me either a hostile unsatisfactory environment or some one thats for some reasons unhappy in order for some sort of blessing to be necessary in the first place. Imtiaz Dharkers uses a very obvious method of inference in order to get the sense of place in his poem across Entitling some thing Blessing = Something going or has gone wrong in the past but its about to be resolved Unlike Grace Nicholes theres no room for varying opinion on some of his key statements there is never enough water can only be viewed in one way not like Another London day which we assume is a bad day but some people may prefer days in London to a Caribbean island. The bold statement there is never enough water would I think make the reader think of a barren environment in which nothing grows and people are living in extreme depravity and hardship due to the lack of water the sense of place therefore is a desert like setting which is indicated with one sweeping statement. The poet Imtiaz Dharkers I think has far more discrete deposition and language technique in comparison to Grace Nichols who lets the reader decided a lot of whats in the poem and where and how much to read in to it Dharker uses youthasisims extensively which shows me that his poem has a set purpose and a end goal which corresponds with his chosen traditional story format lay out.

Article 2 v Article 3 In a Ticking Bomb Scenario Dissertation

Article 2 v Article 3 In a Ticking Bomb Scenario - Dissertation Example This essay discusses that all around the world, the civil societies considered it flagrant violations of human rights. It is also unacceptable under Article 5 of UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, signatories of Third and fourth Geneva Conventions. Besides United Nations Convention against Torture, ratified by the representatives of 147 countries does not allow torture on captive suspects. The concept of thought experiment was initially introduced by the famous novelist Jean in the year 1960. The driving force of cited thoughts stems from the first Indo China War. The professor of Political Science at Reed College endorsed torturing on suspects provided he or she is involved in claiming or intended to claim numerous lives and destruction of properties through their subversive activities. In accordance with the definition of 1984 United Nations Convention Torture is: â€Å"Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a pe rson for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions†. ... In accordance with the definition of 1984 United Nations Convention Torture is: â€Å"Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions†3. Mentioned definition is strictly applicable on the nations and the government sponsored torture. The torture inflicted directly or indirectly includes: a) torture inflicted upon by the gangsters, ethnic group, rebels or t errorists b) abrupt violence during war and c) whipping d) politically motivated torture of all sorts. The intellectuals of the United Kingdom are of the view that though the torture on suspects is not morally justifiable or legally permissible as per UK law. But under certain circumstances, torture on the suspects to get material information may be allowed. For example if a terrorist who is in the custody of law enforcing agencies / investigation agencies planted bomb in a busy shopping area, if exploded may claim hundreds of lives and mass destruction of properties. In such situation, torture on a suspect to get critical information relating to their links with the terrorist

Computer tech case 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer tech case 2 - Term Paper Example Literacy skills involving getting and presentation of information using hardcopy There are several instances that I use hard copy books, magazines, newspapers and brochures to get information. I spend an approximate average of 2 hours to physically read hardcopy books. In most cases, I read short story books to enhance my reading and research skills. There are several instances where I communicate through letters especially when making applications for part time jobs and when writing friendly letters to my cousins. During school days, some of my assignments are presented in form of hardcopy and so, writing and reading skills has been imperative on the techniques I use in presenting my assigned essays, research papers and proposals. Although I use pens in writing and reading hardcopy text in my daily activities, it is not my major priority of presenting and receiving information because I accord them minimal time (Lewis, 2001). Media literacy skills and practices Media literacy can be defined as comprehending the modalities of producing and distributing information. Currently, the best informal communication method that I use is the social media. The common social media platforms that I use are www.facebook.com and www.twitter.com. I use these sites to communicate with friends, relatives, in some cases my instructors and to express my opinion on political, social and economic issues that affect me directly. I accord social media approximately five hours a day. As such, I can state that I spend a large portion of my time on social media. There are other forms of media that I use formally for my learning and communication with my instructors. I spent an approximate average of 3 hours a day on them. The major media that I use are education websites such as www.thefreedictionary.com where I get educational information after conducting research, Job searching websites such as LinkedIn where I seek for part time jobs and get information about the requirements of diffe rent types of jobs, and institutional website that I utilize to upload my assignments to my instructors, get instruction material and for general communication with the institution (Bassnet &Lefevere, 1998). Technology literacy skills and practices The modern world has experienced a major revolution in technology in literary practices. There have been hi-tech innovations in technologies resulting in state of art information processing devices such as computers, communication devices such as cellular phones, and other digital technologies such as state of art televisions. The computer has been essential in my daily activities, and my computer literacy has assisted me in utilizing the device accurately in processing and receiving different forms of information. I use the computer to access academic and non academic information in the internet. Further, I use the computer to write and do calculations. The computer enables me to access social media, educational websites and undertake co mmunications through emails. I spend approximately 7 hours a day on my personal computer. I use cell phones specifically for making formal and informal communications. Further, I use it to access the internet and conduct internet

Regression Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regression Analysis - Research Paper Example It is an effective tool of mathematical analysis, which allows estimation and evaluation to the nearest proximity compared to the past. It also allows predicting a certain future value through comparison and combination of two or more variables. Usually, hypotheses are taken up for case estimation and evaluation which involve plotting of various variables dependent on the time factor. Regression models can be both linear and non linear in nature. Response variables are generated by the comparison of numerous variables that are involved in the computational process. Response variable is of quantitative nature and derived as result of other variables tested and compared amongst each other. Regression analysis is used for predicting certain event (mostly the dependent variable), its outcome in terms of numerical percentage and value in combination with other variables (independent) which might be elements of the present time (Seber & Lee, 2012). Equations are derived which contain both the dependent and independent variables, against some constant. Regression analysis equations are linear in nature. The function so obtained is a straight line, in form of linear equation. Often the natures of the dependent variables have direct impact on the kind of final linear equation being yielded. In case of the dependent variable being dichotomous, the logistic form of regression is handy in such cases for evaluation of the linear plots. When multiple independent variables are up against one dependent variable, it constitutes standard linear multiple regression (Hill & Lewicki, 2006). In such cases, the single dependent variable can be compared one on one against the respective independent variable. Numbers of variables are set against each other and each of them affects the other directly. For example in case of stock exchange the stability of and sound running of stocks are dependent on various external factors, which can include the economic condition, the security and saf ety, any major political decisions in the governmental corridors. Any unexpected decisions are ascribed to the rise or fall in the stocks value. In this case, the stock market is one variable which is dependent on number of variables that are aforementioned. Each of these variables, both dependent and independent are plotted against a graph with x-axis representation and y-axis along a straight linear line. Stocks standing = Stable Market, Political decisions, other variables plus a Constant. For any economic factor indication, the variables that can be taken in to account include the net flow of income at a particular instance of time, the dependent variables on the fixed amount, the surplus amount in form of the revenue generated and the possible depreciation of the capital. All these are equated and compared against each other in form of plot to estimate the future trends. Mostly, it involves number of variables being operated upon; however at a particular instance of time when o ne variable is under observation, it constitutes a simple regression analysis scenario. For example in case of an individual’s average spending against his profession, his resources, his requirements, all these alone make for attributes which are evaluated and analyzed for a certain desired future scenario through the regression tool of estimation. If for a given scenario, more number of

ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example H). Harry Potter was influenced by Dumbledore, while people like Richard Brandson or Steve Jobs are inventors of their own new way. Harry Potter teaches that leader must be supported and directed on a way, so such a leader can continue some eternal path, fighting for a Greater Good. But leaders like Richard Brandson do what they want to do, something they have passion about. You can’t say Harry enjoys hunting Voldemort, but Mark Zukenberg does enjoy his work. People stand beside Harry to fight for a Greater Good, and follow Steve Jobs to develop themselves in a way their leader does. Another thing that differs in these types of leaders is kind of power. Manda H. Rosser mentions several kinds of power, which leader can have (Rosser, M. H). I think Victor Cram from HP is a type of leader similar to Richard Brandson or Steve Jobs. They both have an Expert kind of power, and they’re successful in a particular

BUDGETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUDGETING - Coursework Example Business planning, being one of the internal processes, can be made more successful if the business prevents any implications and problems in its projects and practices its being planning about. Budgeting helps these processes in the most effective way by managing the cash flow and helps you to decide when to invest in which project you have planned at the right time which will produce the best results. All during the business planning, a budget plans helps to control the finances, gives you assurance whether you can fulfill your ongoing commitments or not, helps you to decide the best financial decision which fulfills your objectives and last but not the least, it helps to plan and gives you estimation regarding the money you can spend on your future expansionary plans. Budgeting should not be mixed with the forecasting because unlike a forecast, budgeting is a ‘planned’ outcome which the business thrives to get to its achievement (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). When it c omes to business planning, it also includes one of the most technical business tasks which is decision making. Budgeting improves this decision making process because it gives you a clear cut idea that which plan is practical and which can be fulfilled with the finance in hand. With the help of effective budgeting skill, a business can never run out of cash or even some issues are detected in cash flow, they can be easily found out and fixed before time. This clearly gives a deep understanding about the relationship between budgeting and business planning (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). These two benefits the business if done effectively and efficiently together. Budgeting being the provider of control and accountability over the finances and revenues of the business, aid business planning and make it successful. The reasons behind a planning are fulfilled with the help of making a budget but it never helps the most when it comes to business control. This is an entirely different thin g and cannot be related with budgeting. The above explanation illustrates how budgeting can be a great help in planning and it’s actually doesn’t play any vital role in business control. With the help of Capital budgeting, evaluation of investment proposals can be done easily in the best possible way. Such type of budgeting actually helps a business to decide which proposal should be ranked first so that it can be undertaken and investment can be made on it. For any investment, a business needs a proper financial plan because it will be business’s finances and capital returns which will be invested and benefits in the future will be gained and as budgeting is a part of financial planning, so without it, an investment proposal cannot be evaluated (Wildavsky, 1996). When it comes to evaluation, the first thing to do is to come up with all the possible strengths and weaknesses of a specific proposal, and when it comes to investment, business has to be really carefu l and should dream of only fulfilling those proposals which can be undertaken and comes in the boundary of business’s finances. In capital budgeting, the speed of evaluation process gets geared up as by using this method; those proposals are top ranked which include no real choice for example replacing a leaking sewer line with an updated one, as this one will remove any

Prerogative Has Been Abused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prerogative Has Been Abused - Essay Example It is not surprising thus to witness managers terminating employees for any reason they deem fit, sometimes basing their decisions on pure discrimination and ‘whistle-blowing’. This largely creates conflict in the workplace (Price, 2007). A number of reports indicate that a good number of managers exhibit harassment to their subordinates, some sexual in nature. No wonder, a number of acts and pieces of legislations, the world over, prohibit discriminatory harassment including sexual harassment (Frankaro, 2007). The other area where managers seem to overstep their boundaries is in management of customer relationship and employee interaction. Related to this is placing bottlenecks of employees’ communication with clients and sometimes within themselves, tailored around the ‘ebb and flow’ of communication as defined by the management. Sometimes, managers consciously or unconsciously inhibit the flow of communication between workers to promote witch-hunti ng and cause incitement. Most of them are not cognizant of the fundamental requirement associated with this and sometimes base their fear and defensive action on their insecurities and inferiority complex (Gollan, 2005). Actions of some employers represented by the managers are de-motivating to employees. Micro-management is an issue that many employees detest. The practice sometimes arises from the concern of most managers to have particulars mini-details, and pressure to deliver results within a particular unreasonable timeline (Gennard, 2006). Much as it has been argued that micromanagement is effective to bring lazy and procrastinating employees into action, oftentimes, micromanagements could be based on pure inferiority complex and other set of insecurities or as a strategy to dismiss an employee. In order... The managers-subordinate relationship can be described as good and bad. Employees are tired of being bullied at the work-place and micromanagement does more evil than good. The solution for improvement, however, lies in managers taking a step to enhancing the cordial relationship. The delegation of duties is very important. These will facilitate a highly productive and warmer workplace that ensures employees recognition and positive sanctioning. The other way certainly is facilitating regular meetings between employees and managers, as well ensuring that communication between the two is promoted. employees become timid in taking initiatives and making sacrifices since they feel that whatever they do is not positively sanctioned. To the Manager, walling-up, and shutting-down his effort becomes the order of the day since she/he will harbor the belief that no one listens. Interestingly, behaviors of managers such bullying has led to incidences of physical confrontations and violence in the workplace. Bernadi, for example, reports a case a high profile violence of one Pierre Lebrun, who was working at OC Transport in Ottawa, Mexico, where the employee shot people, with five of them reportedly dying, and him ultimately committing suicide.

ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example H). Harry Potter was influenced by Dumbledore, while people like Richard Brandson or Steve Jobs are inventors of their own new way. Harry Potter teaches that leader must be supported and directed on a way, so such a leader can continue some eternal path, fighting for a Greater Good. But leaders like Richard Brandson do what they want to do, something they have passion about. You can’t say Harry enjoys hunting Voldemort, but Mark Zukenberg does enjoy his work. People stand beside Harry to fight for a Greater Good, and follow Steve Jobs to develop themselves in a way their leader does. Another thing that differs in these types of leaders is kind of power. Manda H. Rosser mentions several kinds of power, which leader can have (Rosser, M. H). I think Victor Cram from HP is a type of leader similar to Richard Brandson or Steve Jobs. They both have an Expert kind of power, and they’re successful in a particular

Prerogative Has Been Abused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prerogative Has Been Abused - Essay Example It is not surprising thus to witness managers terminating employees for any reason they deem fit, sometimes basing their decisions on pure discrimination and ‘whistle-blowing’. This largely creates conflict in the workplace (Price, 2007). A number of reports indicate that a good number of managers exhibit harassment to their subordinates, some sexual in nature. No wonder, a number of acts and pieces of legislations, the world over, prohibit discriminatory harassment including sexual harassment (Frankaro, 2007). The other area where managers seem to overstep their boundaries is in management of customer relationship and employee interaction. Related to this is placing bottlenecks of employees’ communication with clients and sometimes within themselves, tailored around the ‘ebb and flow’ of communication as defined by the management. Sometimes, managers consciously or unconsciously inhibit the flow of communication between workers to promote witch-hunti ng and cause incitement. Most of them are not cognizant of the fundamental requirement associated with this and sometimes base their fear and defensive action on their insecurities and inferiority complex (Gollan, 2005). Actions of some employers represented by the managers are de-motivating to employees. Micro-management is an issue that many employees detest. The practice sometimes arises from the concern of most managers to have particulars mini-details, and pressure to deliver results within a particular unreasonable timeline (Gennard, 2006). Much as it has been argued that micromanagement is effective to bring lazy and procrastinating employees into action, oftentimes, micromanagements could be based on pure inferiority complex and other set of insecurities or as a strategy to dismiss an employee. In order... The managers-subordinate relationship can be described as good and bad. Employees are tired of being bullied at the work-place and micromanagement does more evil than good. The solution for improvement, however, lies in managers taking a step to enhancing the cordial relationship. The delegation of duties is very important. These will facilitate a highly productive and warmer workplace that ensures employees recognition and positive sanctioning. The other way certainly is facilitating regular meetings between employees and managers, as well ensuring that communication between the two is promoted. employees become timid in taking initiatives and making sacrifices since they feel that whatever they do is not positively sanctioned. To the Manager, walling-up, and shutting-down his effort becomes the order of the day since she/he will harbor the belief that no one listens. Interestingly, behaviors of managers such bullying has led to incidences of physical confrontations and violence in the workplace. Bernadi, for example, reports a case a high profile violence of one Pierre Lebrun, who was working at OC Transport in Ottawa, Mexico, where the employee shot people, with five of them reportedly dying, and him ultimately committing suicide.

Underlying Causes of Power Struggle in Marriage as Gleaned from Literature Essay Example for Free

Underlying Causes of Power Struggle in Marriage as Gleaned from Literature Essay In   the movie, Sylvia, talented poet and writer Sylvia Plath drives her husband intot he arms of another woman.   Fed up with her recurring bouts of jealousy and insecurity, and the ensuing rounds of arguments and quarrels, he breaks free to preserve his sanity.   Her world crumbles and she eventually commits suicide.   A closer look points to indubitable flaws not just from the female but from the male, moreso from society around which their world revolves.   The life story of the legendary Sylvia Plath, highlighted by her tumultuous relationship   with husband and fellow poet Ted Hughes, provides a clear-cut illustration of marital power struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elisabeth Bronfen , a specialist in 19th and 20th century literature and a professor of English and American Studies, noted that the culprit in the tragic conflict between Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes was her â€Å"unbroken dependence on her perfect mate (which) lets her fall prey to jealousy, envy, anger, humiliation and burning loneliness when her trust in him is called into question†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bronfen 46). Indeed, nothing perhaps can agitate or vex a man more than a woman’s constant nagging, mistrust, and fault-finding, especially when has not done anything yet to deserve it.   To aggravate the situation, and as portrayed in Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House†, society dictates that a man must be the dominant individual in a marriage.   The uneasiness of most men that arises when this is not followed is often what leads to fights (blatant outward sign of the power struggle) and worse, the eventual collapse of the partnership and, in Sylvia’s case, the worst tragic consequence – death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The power struggle between husband and wife, or other similar pair of individuals in a relationship has, since time immemorial, existed not just in movies and books but in real-life settings.   A power struggle in marriage emerges somewhat like `art imitating life’ and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the part of female partners, one must consider that there are other factors that account for the tangled web of emotions and personalities that women assume and drive them to engage in a â€Å"power struggle† with their mates.   Women have been portrayed countless times in literature as being compassionate or easily taken advantage of, but able to put up (or attempt to) put up a fight when pushed too far.    In some instances, belonging to a clique has also been depicted in classic literature as a threat to a couple’s union.   When constant interaction from the male or female’s side breeds contempt, jealousy and rivalry, it tends to destroy a couple’s relationship, as illustrated in Jane Austen’s sequel to Pride and Prejudice, â€Å"Mr. Darcy Presents his Bride written by Helen Halstead. In the latter’s book, Elizabeth Bennet’s prestigious clique posed a threat to her new marriage to Fitzwilliam Darcy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society undoubtedly plays a major part in heightening the power struggle between man and woman in a marital bind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antoinette Stafford in â€Å"The Feminist Critique of Hegel on Women and the Family† cited 18th century thinker Mary Wollstonecraft’s argument, â€Å"If women are in fact often frivolous, swayed by emotion and lacking in `the manly virtues of moral courage and disinterestedness, then this is not their natural character.   Rather, it arises solely because of educational practices and social expectations which prevent them from perfecting their latent rational capacities.† In The Internet Encyclopedia   of Philosophy, James J. Delaney referred to   Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s treatise on education pertaining to â€Å"Women, Marriage, and Family†: â€Å"Hers is not as focused on theoretical matters, as men’s minds are more suited to that type of thinking. Rousseau’s view on the nature of the relationship between men and women is rooted in the notion that men are stronger and therefore more independent. They depend on women only because they desire them. By contrast, women both need and desire men. Sophie is educated in such a way that she will fill what Rousseau takes to be her natural role as a wife. She is to be submissive to Emile.† Reacting to J.J. Rosseau’s abovementioned treatise, which also envisions an education for the boy that will foster an independent mind and spirit, autonomy and self-sufficiency, while his female counterpart is to be educated to please the male companion-to-be and in the process fulfill her womanly potential, Wollstonecraft argued that â€Å"..a separate standard of excellence for woman undermines the universality of rational freedom.† This rational   freedom is at the core of   the existentialist theory that is also among the larger causes of the power struggle occurring in a marriage.   As Simone de Beauvoir expressed, â€Å"It is the individual who bears responsibility for the world†¦ It is the individual’s responsibility to create meaning through her choices† (Andrew 26). Existentialism, in essence, pertains to â€Å"ideas of choice, meaning and the limits of existence.†Ã‚   It is up to each individual to use his freedom to choose his actions and interactions in the world (Andrew 25), even if it is bound to instigate a power struggle at some point in a relationship.   If someone opts to subjugate or be subjugated, often it arises from that person’s free will. In â€Å"The Feminist Critique of Hegel on Women and the Family,† Stafford cited how Simone de Beauvoir and subsequent thinkers set forth: â€Å"Lives circumscribed by domesticity and child-rearing are not fully human and women who accept the socially constructed belief in a pre-given female nature, and hence in a determinate female destiny, are accomplices in their own enslavement.   The only means beyond this self-imposed oppression is actively to seek a reversal of roles, accepting and identifying oneself with the male model of transcendence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In many parts of Asia and elsewhere in the world, one will see such reversal of roles widely practiced, both in literary pages and in real life.   The â€Å"Good Woman of Setzuan† by Bertolt Brecht encapsulates such reversal of roles.   The heroine, Shen Te, strives hard to love a good life in brutal pre-Communist China. She disguises herself as a man and finds her compassionate persona transformed into a violent, unconquerable character which allows her to cope better with the world around her.   Indeed, assuming the male’s `strong, stern and aggressive’ characteristics often works in the male-dominated society.   When women rise to the challenge of being co-equals with their mates over and on top of their preordained role as nurturer of family values, in some cases overshadowing their male counterparts, the power struggle is ignited. Many great works of literature have shown how women either succumbed or fought their way out of enslavement by the male species.   Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a much studied work that gives light to how a woman achieves self-liberation by leaving the confines of the home. The online study guide by   SparkNotes: A Doll’s House, Themes, Motifs Symbols draw attention to how the instability of appearances within the main character’s household at the play’s end results from the main male character’s obsession with status and image. Most men’s preoccupation with status and image, including having a ‘trophy wife† by their side, may be commonplace, but feminists have not let this vision of male superiority go by without much lamentation.  Ã‚   Emily Friedman, in an article posted in ABCNews.com on   July 13, 2007, departed from stereotypes and provided a positive connotation to the phrase, `trophy wife’ when she quoted author Anne Kingston (who wrote â€Å"The Meaning of Wife†): The idea of the trophy wife has progressed so that men want a woman who has some social equality, and its not a dominant-submissive relationship†¦ Increasingly, its not simply the decoration that a truly accomplished man wants, but an equal. Nonetheless, the Hegelian belief that `nature has assigned woman to the family’ may still be embraced by certain societies in the contemporary era, but the woman we find now has certainly metamorphosed to am multi-tasking and active participant in community affairs and national life.   What well-meaning quarters caution, though, is the possibility that society’s basic institution – the family – may tend to be overlooked when both husband and wife assume a place in civil society and doggedly pursue their careers and personal aspirations.   Herein lies another major issue of debate between husband and wife, especially when they fail to compromise. â€Å"The Feminist Critique on Women and Family† by Stafford also noted how women vary in their perception of what is `oppressive† and what is not.   While serving as housewife may be denigrating and limiting (in terms of personal freedom) for some, â€Å"it may be regarded as a chosen instrument for creative self-expression† in others. Infidelity , whether imagined or actual, and argued by most as being part of the inherent nature of men, is another major source of friction between husband and wife.   Whether infidelity, though, arises from protracted oppression from, or a form of assertion by, the husband, or the wife herself, is open to debate.   During the Elizabethan Age, a wife’s fidelity was regarded more as an obligation foisted by society and circumstances.   In The Literary Encyclopedia, classical literary critic and lecturer Ros King noted how William Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew â€Å"reasserts male dominance†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another online site, Academic Forum, Sherri Thorne’s article, â€Å"Shakespeare: Advocate for Women in The Taming of the Shrew† noted how it was Shakespeare’s intention to show that family and society have contributed to the circumstances that make the female character, Katherina, the shrew she is. Her male counterpart in the story, Petruchio, recognizes that Katherina’s shrewish behavior is a societal response. â€Å"Shakespeare uses Petruchio to present his definition of the proper relationship between a husband and his wife†¦ At their first meeting, Petruchio and Katherina engage in an energetic and emotionally charged verbal exchange. Katherina strikes Petruchio when her verbal attacks are ineffective. Generally, Katherina’s words are effective artillery to keep her adversaries sufficiently subdued†¦ Petruchio gains control of the situation, keeping their sparring verbal rather than letting it escalate into physical violence† (Thorne 59) This exemplifies the genteel demeanor observed by most during the Elizabethan age. In the Comprehensive Online Educational Resource, Anne Parten noted the significance of   another   Shakespearean work, Merchant of Venice, citing the a ring as symbolism for man’s potential for fidelity, and the lead female character, Portia, is shown to have superiority over all the male characters. Whatever the underlying causes pointed out by perceptive literary minds as instigators of the power struggle occurring in marriages or relationships, men and women will continue to be at odds with each other on matters ranging from trivial and absurd to highly complex, simply because that is just how differently they are wired.   In the words of Robert Louis Stevenson, â€Å"Marriage is like life   in this – that it is a field of battle and not a bed of roses.† Works Cited Andrew, Barbara S. â€Å"Beavoir’s Place in Philosophical Thought.† The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir. Ed. Claudia Card. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 25-26. Bhatia, Praveen.   Macbeth. New Delhi: UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2007. Brecht, Bertolt. Good Woman of Setzuan. England: Penguin Books Ltd., 2007. Bronfen, Elisabeth. â€Å"Trophy Wife: Just Hot or Smart Sexy?† Sylvia Plath. 2nd ed. UK: Athenaeum Press Ltd., 2004. Friedman, Emily. 13 July 2007. ABCNews.com. 28 January 2008 http//www.abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=3372209page=1. Halstead, Helen. Mr. Darcy Presents His Bride. California: Ulysses Press, 2007. Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll’s House and Other Plays. Penguin Group (USA) Inc.,  1973. King, Ros. â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew.† The Literary Encyclopedia. 2 November 2004. Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London. 28 January 2008 http//www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=trueUID=7887. Parton, Anne.   Comprehensive Online Educational Resource. eNotes.com, Inc. 28 January 2008.   http://www.enotes.com/merchant/portia. Shakespeare, William. Merchant of Venice. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1994. Shakespeare, William. Taming of the Shrew. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1995. Stafford, Antoinette. â€Å"The Feminist Critique of Hegel on Women and the Family.†Ã‚   25 January 2008 http//www. mun.ca/animus/1997vol2/staford1.htm. Thorne, Sherri. â€Å"Shakespeare: Advocate for Women in The Taming of the Shrew†Ã‚   2003-04.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Academic Forum. 28 Jan 2008

Poverty and the Welfare State

Poverty and the Welfare State Poverty and the Welfare State. Question 1 Describe critically Murrays analysis of the underclass. How does the population in the USA characterized by his use of this term differ from that in Britain. Question 2 In an essay of no more than 1000 words, outline and critically evaluate the view that the Welfare State tends to create more poverty than it has the ability to solve. your essay must include examples of state policies as well as consider the different ideologies of welfare in Britain Question 1. Murrays articles in the Times magazine in 1989 which outlined his thesis concerning the emergence of an underclass in the UK similar to the one he had already identified in the US has been one of the more controversial texts in social policy recently (Murray, 1989, 1990). Murrays central thesis is that the welfare state through the provision of benefits to unmarried mothers and the cessation of those benefits should these women marry has the effect of removing fatherhood and the influence thereof a father figure from the lives of these children (Murray, 1989). They in turn become dependent upon welfare and so a class of people is formed outside of the norms of wage earning society dependent wholly on the state for support (Murray, 1989). Before we discuss some of the criticisms of this view it is worth noting the peculiarities and differences between Murrays thesis as it relates to the US and the UK. In the first instance Murrays work in the UK is much less racialised than his identification of the population in the US (Murray, 1984). In the case of the US Murrays thesis and identification of the population comprising the majority of the underclass has been that it is a Black population. Murray then identified single black mothers as forming the core of the underclass. While this was a feature certainly still of his analysis of the British underclass it was not as strikingly so as his British version however the later versions of his thesis on the UK underclass also took on these racial overtones, (Murray, 1994). Murray can be criticized on any number of grounds but perhaps some of the most devastating criticisms can be found when we consider research which is actually undertaken on those who constitute the underclass rather than abstract theorizing about the underclass which denotes much of the vague definitions of what the underclass is meant to be (Alcock 1997). In this regard recent work by Edwards and Duncan (1997) for example has demonstrated the degree to which the stereotypes of the composition of the underclass do not match the realities of the lives involved. In their study of single women with children and their uptake of paid work they found that black single mothers living in positively regarded underclass areas (inner city areas of London for example) were more likely to seek work and to regard working themselves as being beneficial for their children (Edwards and Duncan, 1997:33). This was in contrast to single mothers from less predominantly underclass areas that held traditio nal views about rearing their children. These views emphasised the importance of caring for their children through being at home with them rather than outside the home in employment. Consequently the members of this group were much less likely to have work or to seek work or see work as a good. Thus the image of black single mothers creating an underclass through their rejection of a work ethic would seem to be unfounded. Thus even in this small instance fatal flaws in Murrays thesis can be identified, ultimately it can be said that the very vagueness of the definitions of what constitutes the underclass in the literature can it be argued be seen to be reflective of the fact that an identifiable object such as the underclass is impossible to define and serves merely as a critique of welfare arrangements and a moral attack on the nature of those who are marginalized by society. Question 2. With the collapse of communist states across the world in the 1980s a major perceived competitor to the market economy was removed with some like Fukuyama proclaiming it to be the end of history and the triumphant victory of liberalism (Fukuyama, 1992). In the UK as in other European countries of course the welfare state has mediated against the evils of capitalism as set out by Beveridge for some time, serving as Marxists had argued as a bribe of the working class and ensuring the legitimization and continuation of the welfare state (Mishra, 1990). It is not surprising then with all the past attacks on the nature of the welfare state to note that with the end of history there has come a renewed assault on the welfare state in the UK. Criticisms of the welfare state have come from both the left and the right but also crucially from the middle way of social democratic viewpoints. Almost consistent research has demonstrated the failure of the welfare state in reducing relative levels of poverty; in fact the UK today has a divide between rich and poor which is increasing quicker than at any other time in the history of the welfare state (Hills and Stewart, 2005). Thus it has become an almost consistent feature of debate that the welfare state has failed but the reasons given for this failure are completely oppositional. The two most prominent sources of these reasons have been neo-liberalists and social democratic parties. For neo-liberalists the evils of the welfare state far outweigh the evils of the free market so in discussing the view that the welfare state creates poverty it is worth recounting their views on the failings of the welfare state. At the core of many of the arguments thus against the welfare state are notions of desert. Desert is seen as a principle of morals and thus the failings of the welfare state in this respect is a moral failure which in turn leads to the moral turpitude of those the welfare state attempts to help (Lavalette and Pratt, 1997). This moral attack on the poor and the perceived institutions which has lead to their poverty is of course nothing new (Thane, 1992). Since the Poor Law state welfare arrangements have been criticized for the creation of a mentality which is seen to encourage indolence and decrease motivation towards self-sufficiency. The reliance on welfare thus leads to unwillingness to seek work. This in turn has the effect of leading to increased taxation to support those unwilling to work. This then in turn leads to increased difficulties for employers in terms of paying higher salaries to counter higher taxation and so on into a vicious cycle of dependency (Hayek, 1990). Such a trend it is argues lay at the heart of the Oil Crises and the subsequent retrenchment of the welfare state in the UK and elsewhere. Thus for the neo-liberal critique it is the totality of the welfare state which not only fails in reducing poverty but also serves to in fact create more. It does this both in a structural sense by hindering the effective operation of the market but also by creating in those who are recipients of welfare a mentality which causes them to retreat from the fundamental basics of economic life in seeking employment. Thus for neo-liberals measures such as Income Maintenance support schemes serve to create a duality of factors leading to the increase of poverty. Reform of the welfare state for neo-liberalists must be done so that only the bare minimum of services are required for those who are truly in need, such as the young, aged or infirm, (Fitzpatrick, 2001). Amidst these criticisms the welfare state in the UK has undergone revisions also from its social collectivist roots. This may be surprising but we can view this a response to critiques of the welfare state from both left and right and hence theyre emerged consequently an articulation of a Third Way, (Giddens, 1994). This Third Way was to be a radical re-conceptualisation of the basis and functions of the welfare state. As such then it can be seen that New Labour in particular has followed in the footsteps of Thatcher towards reforming the welfare state. But how effective have these reforms been and what is their basis? Perhaps the most potent of these transformations has been in a shift away from the universalism of the early welfare state to a new selectivitist philosophy. Selectivism entails the targeting of benefits through such measures as means-testing and other income threshold schemes so as that ideally those that need it the most benefit from the specified arrangement (Lowe, 2005). If anything their effect on the poorest has been marginal as these people are already in receipt of benefits and the introduction of means tests has had little impacts. Instead a stealth reform of the welfare state has occurred and those who were on the margins, previously covered by the benefit are now excluded on the basis of their income being over thresholds, even if this is just marginal, (Esping-Anderson, 2002). Thus we can argue that this selectivist based reform of the welfare state has worsened life for many by removing the safety net for all that existed previously under a universalist system. What this means in other words is that the Third Way of Labour has in actuality enhanced and widened the gaps between rich and poor and made the effects of poverty worse their reforms in favour of making the welfare state more effective. The pace and scale of the gap and its widening between rich and poor can be considered in this light. Indeed this notion of effectiveness found in much of social policy discourse can often be seen as simply cost-cutting exercises. The effects of which are leading to a situation where it is arguable that we have now seen neo-liberalism by the back door with major consequences for UK policy treatment of both poverty itself and those living in poverty. References Alcock, P. (1997); Understanding Poverty, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Edwards, R. and Duncan S. (1997); Supporting the Family: Lone Mothers, Paid Work and the Underclass Debate; Critical Social Policy, Vol.7 No. 4 Esping-Anderson, G. (2002); Why We Need a New Welfare State, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK Fitzpatrick, T. (2001); Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Fukuyama, F. (1992); The End of History and the Last Man, Penguin, New York US Giddens, A. (1994); Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press, California US Hayek, F.A.V. (1990); Economic Freedom, Blackwell, Oxford UK Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005); A More Equal Society, Policy Press, Bristol UK Lavalette, M. and Pratt, A. (1997); Social Policy: A Theoretical and Conceptual Introduction, Sage, London UK Lowe, R. (2005); The Welfare State in Britain since 1945, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Mishra, R. (1990); The Welfare State in Capitalist Society, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York US Murray, C. (1984); Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980, Basic Books, New York Murray, C. (1989); Underclass; Sunday Times Magazine, 26th November Murray, C. (1990), The Emerging British Underclass, IEA, London UK Murray, C. (1994); Underclass: The Crisis Deepens; The Sunday Times, 29th May Thane, P. (1982); The Foundations of the Welfare State, Longman, London UK

Roman Empire :: essays research papers

What caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of the Western Roman Empire is a very extensive topic because there were a multitude of continuous events that led to the demise of one of the world’s most legendary empires. Although there are many theories to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire the main cause was the internal corruption of the Empire and then the closely followed invasions on an internally weakened society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the years historians have been examining every detail about the Western Roman Empire and most come to the conclusion that many things led to the decline and decay of the grand empire. One of the many things was that being in the political spotlight was very risky and often times political figures and emperors met their death because of bands of people who didn’t like what they were doing. An additional thing that fueled the decay of the empire was the epidemics. Diseases like the plague would wipe out mass populations of people. Equally important was that the Western Roman Empire was of such colossal size that it had a hard time connecting its people. Along with having such an expansive Empire came the issue of excluding people in political matters (document 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional issue that aided the demise was the economic factors, not all historians believed that all the factors were just morally and culturally based. Slavery is one the biggest economic factors that â€Å"shot the empire in the foot†. Slavery is what kept the rich from the poor. The rich that established latifundia (gigantic profitable estates) got richer and the peasant farmers couldn’t stay with the competition and either had to join up as a sharecropper or move to the city, which added to the unemployment (Document 3) (by peasants moving to the city the cities get increasingly crowded and epidemics spring up more often). An additional aspect that guided the Western Roman Empire to its grave was its army. The Roman Empires army turned into German mercenaries (Document 5). The mercenaries cost a lot of money because they had to guard the Empires vast boarders.

President Truman and his Policies Essay -- American Government, Polit

By the end of World War II, the United States seems as by far the world’s most ultimate power. The country has world’s most powerful navy and air force at that period of time. United States proves that it can lead the rest of the world to future in terms of international cooperation, expanding democracy, and ever-increasing living standards. New institutions such as United States and World Bank are just a few examples that promote this argument. However, the only power that could rival the United States was Soviet Union, whose armies now occupied most of Eastern Europe, including eastern part of Germany. However, at the end of World War II and beginning of the Cold War U.S as a world’s superior power has a great president named Harry S. Truman (1945-1953). An undistinguished senator from Missouri, who never expected to become president until Democratic Party leaders chose him to replace Henry Wallace as Roosevelt’s running mate in 1994. During his pre sidency, he took many challenges and stood out successfully in most of them. His strongest argument was for the defense of freedom; he did his best during his entire presidency to protect the civil rights of every citizen for his nation. He took his office at that time, when America was facing already 2 great wars; and all people are tired of wars. However, the Cold War took the place at the end of World War II, where all nations are scared to fights because of their own found deadly weapon. The president always wants peacetime and tries to deal his best with the help of his foreign policies. Though, he wants to stand his nation as the strongest and powerful compare to their rival Soviet Union. During his presidency, Truman as the President did what was necessary and best for thi... ...onomic reason; which was practiced against many of our minority groups (Doc. 153: 248). Truman also clarifies that minority groups were not only victims of economic excess; its impact was felt by entire population (Doc. 153: 248). Furthermore, we cannot escape the fact that our civil rights record had been an issue in world politics (Doc. 153: 248). Truman evoked that our foreign policy was designed to make our nation enormous, positive influence for peace and progress throughout the world (Doc. 153: 248). Moreover, we were believed that the free way of our life holds promise of hope for all people (Doc. 153: 248). President believes that it was our promise to keep that promise. For that reason, Truman’s focus on civil rights formed apart of strategy to win reelection in 1948 (Forner, Ch.23: 857).