Deviant Behavior Essay -- Psychology, Social Psychology

Deviance is described as being behaviour that is not part of the norms in your specific society. This can be different throughout the world because some cultures have very different norms (Stephens and Leach, 199817). Most deviant behaviour will attract rebuke from others in the society or punishment from authorities. There are many different types of deviance such as addiction, mental illness, alcoholism, criminality and homosexuality. Throughout this turn out six types of theories will be discussed about how and why people are deviant. Four of these theories jump the idea of deviance being biological and three support the idea of it being caused by your hearty construction. Also the essay will talk about the differences between the theories and a similarity amongst them as they dont often agree.There are two main views that people see as to how a individual becomes deviant biologically or from a persons social construction. The biological explanation of deviance is that it is part of who you are when you are born. Whether you are born into a long line of alcoholics or your flummox has a mental illness, it is coming from your genes. There are many theories that support the biological explanation of deviance that will be explained in this essay. Some count very unlikely and dont have a lot of evidence but there are a lot of theorists that support this idea. The social constructionist explanation is that you become deviant from the way that you are brought up. It is believed that certain parts of your childhood can cause a person to become deviant. This could be that your parents or caregivers brought you up to be a deviant person because they were deviant themselves. It could also be that you were neglected as a child an... ...l determinants. Rod Lea does harbour that deviance is not only caused by the warrior gene, that non-genetic issues would be involved as well (Dykes 2006). A similarity amongst the XYY theory and the warrior gene theory is that it has to do with your genes so this would have to do with your parents and the generations before you. Physical appearance is also passed down through generations so these two could also have got their ideas from Lombrosos theory. other similarity amongst the biological theories is that it is often pointing towards males. The warrior gene is over-represented in Maori men and the XYY chromosome represents hyper masculinity (Gillham 2011135). Also in Lombrosos theory he describes the appearances as large jaws and cheekbones and a general hairiness of the body which is normally associated with males (Burfeind and Bartusch 2011119).

Original Writing :: Plagiarism Influence Authors Argumentative Essays

Original WritingMy writing as a poet has been to a great extent influenced by writers like Langston Hughes, Nikki Giovanni, Alice Walker and Slam poets such as Black Thought and the Last Poets. These writers write and speak about the struggles and uniqueness of Black culture. Their soulfulness experiences and political stances as well as the influences of other artist are evident in their work. For example in Giovannis poem Revolutionary medication she quotes some of the lyrics from Sam Cooke and James Br cause to illustrate her personal views on racism and the equal rights movements. Hughes in his piece titled Message to the President skillfully co-ordinateds the political events of his term into his poem using it to sardonically articulate his view on racial inequalities that were occurring in his time. Black Thought and the Last Poets utilize hunch forward and urban hip hop along with their idea of Black to relay their message. In writing my individual poems, I find it diffi cult not to incorporate the style of the writers mentioned. I gained my consciousness of Black culture and struggle through the words of these writers their ideas have no choice but to be reflected in my own writing. I wrote a piece titled Books not Bombs which originated during the time the troops were being sent to Iraq to fight a war that was unnecessary in my opinion. The students at my high school and schools around the city were walking out of class to protest in city hall however, we were told that we would be suspended by the brain if we left. I felt that the administration was silencing our voices by holding us with the threat of suspension. In this poem I used a line from a topical anaesthetic pop song from the group OutKast, Theyre throwing bombs over Baghdad, but what about the bombs that are exploding right here, right now Using this mimics Giovanni and Hughes incorporation of musical lyrics of the time to make the piece relatable to the intended audience. I was also influenced by the accessible political climate that was being hotly debated at the time (war). My particular social influence is reflective of Robert P. Yagelskis essay Whos Afraid of Subjectivity. In his essay he used Donald Murrays experience of writing and write his piece which was reflective of his war years and the political controversy of his time. which provided impetus to write the poem and helped and helped shape the very content of the poem.

Ways the Human Race could Destroy Itself :: Apocalypse

The End of Humanity Could the Human Species Destroy Itself?There are oodles of ways humanity could be wiped out - although I dont think any of them are particularly likely.Natural causes - An extinction-level asteroid impact would probably be sufficient, although not much else would - a disease epidemic, major climate shift, etc. would still leave many survivors to rebuild within a few hundred years. The window for such an impact is, however, extremely short, because its extremely likely that within 300 years or so we lead have the means to predict and avert all dangerous impacts. And the chance of that happening is, from historical comparison, 0.001% or less.There are a few other possibilities that would be much more catastrophic, though. bingle is a supernova very nearby, which would blast Earth with intense gamma radiation and most likely kill all macro-organisms. However, there arent any stars large and experient enough for this to be a risk for hundreds of thousands of yea rs. Another is orbital destabilization of Earth (such as ejection from the Solar System) by a close-passing star - besides the chance of that is extremely remote, and in addition wed have thousands of years of warning. And the last that I can think of is alien invasion which is really out there, obviously.The ultimate solar threats to life on Earth are not really relevant to humanity/posthumanity. The Sun is not large enough to supernova, but it will eventually engulf the Earth when it runs out of internal fuel and swells into a red giant. Thats a good 4-5 billion years away, but well originally that, though, the Sun will have become bright enough to heat Earths surface enough to trigger a major atmospheric shift by overwhelming the cloud effect (which keeps temperatures on Earth stable) with a runaway greenhouse gas effect, boiling the oceans and making the planet Venus-like, uninhabitable except by micro-organisms. But even that is about 2 billion years away, plenty of time for posthumanity to rise and either avert the problem or simply conduct elsewhere.Accident - A scientific experiment run awry, or an unexpected side-effect of some new technology could potentially wreck some serious havoc. whizz possible horribly catastrophic scenario would be the unforeseen generation of a miniature black hole somewhere on Earth. If the hole did not mellow out instantaneously (and it would have to be pretty large not to, so I dont know how it would be possible to generate one accidentally) it would quickly outwear a hole to the center of the Earth, absorbing more and more mass as it went, and eventually implode the planet.

The Influence of Stress on Dopamine Levels :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Influence of Stress on Dopamine LevelsIn the signal to survive, every living organism is equipped with the armor to withstand the impacts of stress. The African savanna leaves the zebra in an anxiety-ridden position of vulnerability to predators. Stress may can be as basic as the lack of food, habitat, or reproductive success. Humans are especially aware of the impacts of stress due to the nature of todays contemporary lifestyle. Too many daily demands can give a person anything from insomnia to indigestion to depression. Every person is equipped to naturally deal with adult amounts of stress, but when these amounts exceed what the body can handle, discomfort is considerable.Besides the qualitative approach to coping with stress, what bodily mechanisms are responsible for dealing with anxiety? The nervous ashes is almost solely credited with this task. The complex interaction system between billions of individual neurons facilitates large number of behaviors that result due to inputs originating inside and remote the organism. Spaces between neighboring neurons are called synapses, and one way in which they communicate is by sending chemical signals called neurotransmitters across the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane. Years of nervous system research constitute determined that stress activates the neurotransmitter, dopamine.The functions of dopamine are numerous, but in general it inhibits transmission of nerve impulses. This transmitter is found throughout the body, though mainly housed in the brains interior basil ganglia, in the frontal lobe of the information-processing center of the brain, or in the limbic system (1).Many inveterate diseases result from the overproduction or underproduction of dopamine. The dopamines inability to move into the frontal lobe of the brain results in the inability to control fine motor effort and is familiarly called Parkinson Disease(1) . If the flow of dopamine throughout the nervous system is no t allowed to circulate as usual, then schizophrenia follows (1).Now that the extreme abnormalities of dopamine have been discussed, lets look at how dopamine affects the average person who is subjected to a stressful environment. One study maintains that the chewing behavior of mice is a resolution to stress, and therefore it serves as a coping device. The body responds to stress by the activation of the cerebral dopaminergic (DA) system. The study shows that when given the option of chewing, the activation of mouse DA system is drawn out (2) In other words, when allowed to chew, a mouses body will have prolonged the presence of stress-managers this coping mechanism reduces the impact of the stress.

Kants Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Kants Humanity FormulaFew formulas in philosophy imbibe been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kants injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kants views, as elucidated in his book, metrical unit of the Metaphysics of Morals, argon establish on the belief that people count by prohibiting work ons which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or selfless ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of termination making and reasonable psyche, humanity moldiness be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the raiseation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kants way of determining honourableity of actions is quite diametrical from other philosophers, and m any find it passing hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for moral philosophy found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical pressing. The representation of an objective lens principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality. agree to Kant, there are two types of imperatives hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must pick up moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely enough to know that lying would create better outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a utilitarians argument. Moral actions are ground on consequences ones which increase happiness or positive outcomes. Telling a lie to the murderer to send him wide would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rather than on the actions intrinsic moral value. M orality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kants perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any ready consequences. Still, morality is based on constantly changing and often unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict applications programme of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is super implausible. Kants Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical EssaysKants Humanity FormulaFew formulas in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kants injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kants views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, are based on t he belief that people count by prohibiting actions which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kants way of determining morality of actions is quite different from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for morality found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality.According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely enough to know that lying would create better outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a Utilitarians argument. Moral actions are based on consequences ones which increase happiness or positive outcomes. Telling a lie to the murderer to send him astray would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rather than on the actions intrinsic moral value. Morality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kants perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any immediate consequences. Still, morality is base d on constantly changing and often unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict application of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is highly implausible.

Kants Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Kants kind being FormulaFew practices in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kants injunction to treat valet de chambre as an end in itself(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kants views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, atomic number 18 story on the persuasion that people count by prohibiting actions which feat other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, atomic number 18 confirmed by the dignity and deserving of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kants direction of determining clean-livingity of actions is quite diff erent from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to travelling bag or implausible. The central concept of his rudimentary test for devotion found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical lordly. The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is make to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality.According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain th e end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a order for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely sufficiency to know that lying would create wagerer outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a Utilitarians argument. Moral actions are based on consequences ones which gain happiness or positive outcomes. carnal knowledge a lie to the murderer to send him astray would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rath er than on the actions inhering moral value. Morality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kants perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any immediate consequences. Still, morality is based on constantly changing and ofttimes unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict application of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is highly implausible. Kants Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical EssaysKants Humanity FormulaFew formulas in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kants injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kants views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork o f the Metaphysics of Morals, are based on the belief that people count by prohibiting actions which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kants way of determining morality of actions is quite different from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for morality found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating f or a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality.According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely enough to know that lying would create better outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a Utilitarians argument. Moral actions are based on consequences ones which increase happiness or positive outcomes. Telling a lie to the murderer to send him astray would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rather than on the actions intrinsic moral value. Morality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kants perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any imme diate consequences. Still, morality is based on constantly changing and often unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict application of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is highly implausible.

Economics Question Jaibb

PAPER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES Full Marks ampere-second Module A Introduction and Environment Purpose, Nature, Uses and Users of bill Information, Functional and Operational Definition of Accounting, Accounting Principles, Standards and Regulations, Forms of Business Organizations and Accounting systems. Module B summary of monetary Statement Objectives of fiscal Statement Analysis, Financial Statement Analysis, Horizontal and Vertical Analysis, Comparative Financial Statements, Communize Statements, Financial Ration Analysis, Trend Percentage, Specialized Analysis, gold Forecasts, Analysis of Changes in Financial Position, Break-Even Analysis, Cash Flow Statement, Unadjusted Trial vestibular sense and Adjustments. Module C Processing and recording of Accounting Information Transaction, Analysis of Transaction, Accounting Cycle, Recording of Transaction, Double Entry System, Golden Rule of Debit and Credit, Posting of transactions to the Ledger, T Form and Multi Column Ledger, Preparation of Cash Book, ace Column, Double Column and Triple Column Cash Book, Preparation of Trial Balance, Suspense Accounts, Reflection of Errors Adjusting Entries and Closing Entries Accrued and Deferred Revenue and Expenses. Module D Financial Statements for contrasting Entities Service, Merchandise and Manufacturing Operation Income Statement, Cost of Goods Sold, Cash Flow Statement, Balance Sheet, Limitation of Balance Sheet. confederation and Joint Stock Companies Specific Characteristics of Financial Statements of Partnership Capital Account, Current Account, Profit and Loss Adjustments Account. Distinguishing Characteristics of Financial Statements of Companies. Banks and Other Financial Institutions Provisions of Bank Company Act, 1991 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Banks.Provisions of Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Financ ial Institutions. Module E Accounting for Assets Current Assets Inventory Valuation, nightly and Perpetual Method for Ascertaining Closing Inventory, Average, Last In First Out (LIFO), First In First Out (FIFO), Account Receivables. Fixed Assets Depreciation Methods, Recording of Depreciation, Valuation of Fixed Assets, Depreciation as a Cost Allocation. Module F Journal Rules for Journalizing Different Types of Journals, Sub-Division of Journals, Posting of Accounts, Ledger, Interpretation of Ledger Account, Writing of Different Types of Cash Book in Columnar Form, Imprest System of Petty Cash, Bank Reconciliation System, Journal Proper. References 1 2 3 4 5 Anthony, Reece Accounting Principles (Richard D, Irwin, Inc. U. S. A. ). Anthony, Robert N. Essentials of Accounting (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Harmenson, Edwards, MAHER Accounting Principles (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Khan, Md. Mainuddin Advanced Accounting (Ideal Library, Dhaka). Weygandt, Kieso Kell Accounting Principles (John Wil ey and Sons Inc. U. S. A. ).

Effects of Unemployment Essay

Psychological Effects of Unemployment and UnderemploymentThe current state of the economy continues to be an enormous stressor for Americans, with 78 percent reporting money as a significant source of stress (APA, 2009). Unemployed workers atomic number 18 twice as credibly as their employed counterparts to experience psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms, low subjective well-being and poor self-esteem (Paul & Moser, 2009). Like unemployment, underemployment (e.g., people working part-time because they cannot find full-time employment) is unequally distributed across the U.S. population, with women, younger workers and African Americans reporting higher rates of involuntary part-time employment and low pay, as well as higher proportions of discouraged workers who have given up on searching for a job (McKee-Ryan et al., 2005). Unemployment not only masks those who lose their jobs. Coworkers who are still employed may experience a heavier work load and suffer from anxiety that they too will soon be unemployed, (Kivimaki, Vahtera, Elovainio, Pentti, & Virtanen, 2003). Unemployment and underemployment too affect families and communities. -Effects on FamiliesAccording to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Policy Statement The Psychological Consequences of Unemployment, the stress of unemployment can lead to declines in singular and family well-being (Belle & Bullock, 2011). The burden of unemployment can also affect outcomes for children. The stress and depressive symptoms associated with job loss can negatively affect parenting practices such as increasing punitive and arbitrary punishment (McLoyd, 1998). As a bequeath, children report more distress and depressive symptoms. Depression in children and adolescents is linked to multiple negative outcomes, including academic problems, substance abuse, wondering(a) sexual behavior, physical health problems, impaired social relationships and increase d risk of suicide (Birmaher et al., 1996 Chen & Paterson, 2006 Le, Munoz, Ippen, & Stoddard, 2003 Verona & Javdani, 2011 Stolberg, Clark, & Bongar, 2002). -Effects on CommunitiesWidespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, underfunded schools, restricted access to services and public transportation, and limited opportunities for employment, making it more difficult for people to return to work (Brisson, Roll, & East, 2009). Unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, a finding with implications for neighborhood safety and community well-being (Steward et al., 2009). High unemployment and growing income inequalities are report factors in declining social climate (International Labour Office, 2010). The United Nations (2010) claimed that growing social inequality fueled by extended, global unemployment will increase social fermentation and tension and a growing sen se of unfairness. Increasing inequality in advanced economies is fundamentally linked to growing rates of physical, emotional, social and political inconvenience oneself (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). -Unemployment and Stress in Different PopulationsUnemployment does not affect all groups equally. Rates are higher among Latinos/as (13.1%) and African Americans (15.7%) than European Americans (9.5%). Immigrants (Kochhar, 2009) and people with disabilities (Shapiro, 2009) are also especially vulnerable to layoffs as are those without college degrees (Leonhardt, 2009). Unemployed women report poorer mental health and lower life satisfaction than unemployed men (McKee-Ryan et al., 2005). Women are more likely to report that they have consumed unhealthy foods, or skipped a meal as a result of stress. Women are also more likely to report physical symptoms of stress, including irritability, anger, fatigue and lack of interest or motivation and energy (APA, 2009). In combination with other h ealth disparities, the unequal impact of unemployment on rough groups may have devastating do on already vulnerable communities. -Solutions and RecommendationsThe negative effects of unemployment can be lessened. Individuals who face unemployment with greater financial resources, as well as those who report lower levels of subjective financial strain, report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment with less economic resources and a greater sense of financial stress (McKee-Ryan et al., 2005). Social support can also mitigate the negative impacts of unemployment and underemployment (Belle & Bullock, 2011). For example, being married is a protective factor during periods of unemployment and underemployment (Dooley & Prause, 2004 McKee-Ryan et al., 2005). APA supports critical and proven programs to anticipate unemployment and provide support for those who are unemployed, and urges Congress to Support the National Commission on Employme nt and stinting Security Act. Sponsored by Representative Alcee Hastings (D-FL), this legislation would establish a national commission to study and address employment and economic insecurity and their effects on mental health.The commission would examine issues of economic and psychological insecurity within our workforce due to employment displacement. Furthermore, the commission would provide recommendations to Congress and the hot seat on how to reduce economic and psychological effects of unemployment. Fund job training and reemployment programs that take into account the psychological and emotional needs of workers and help prevent long-term unemployment. For example, the Michigan Prevention Research Center (MPRC), a program funded for 20 years by the National Institute for Mental Health, developed and evaluated the JOBS course of instruction to help unemployed workers effectively seek reemployment and cope with the multiple challenges and stressors associated with unemploym ent and job-searching. Currently supported by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the JOBS program is a group-based intervention that has the dual goals of promoting reemployment and enhancing the coping capacities of unemployed workers and their families. Reauthorize and expand the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program to provide temporary assistance to the long-term unemployed. APA supports more federal support for increased benefit levels for States, more time for clients to access mental health services, and suspending the work first requirement, to encourage training and education.

Analysis of Bandura’s cognitive theory Essay

Introduction The poll of human behavior or behavioristic psychology focuses on attributes of humanity that be discernible, measurable and which can be manipulated. The emphasis of behaviorism is on experimental methods and avoids attributes that are subjective, inwrought or unavailable. The experimental method involves the manipulation of adept variable and measurement of its effect on another variable. It is from the study of variable and do that a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura found the cognitive guess (or well-disposed cognitive theory) (Bandura, 2006).Bandura for instance observed aggressive behavior in adolescents and opined that the aggressiveness is caused by the environment in which the adolescents grow. On the other hand, he also realized that behavior causes an environment as well. Thus, since behavior and environment are causes and effects of each other, Bandura referred to the concept as reciprocal determinism (Bandura1986). In short, Banduras theory was b ased on the fact that the world and a persons parting (behavior) affect each other (Bandura, 1986).While it would appear that the environment was the cause of behavior and personality, Bandura also realized that personality is an interaction of a persons psychological responses in relation to the environment (Bandura, 2006). The psychological processes consist of the human beings ability to entertain different images and languages. Thus, the cognitive theory is make on two essential principles.The first one is a framework for explaining how different personalities function, whereas the other one addresses the type of variables (that is the elements of analysis) on which the personality theory should be centred (Bandura, 2006). In analysis of the influence of reciprocal determinism, Bandura categorically uses the word determinism to imply the aspect in which effects are produced by events (Bandura, 2006). However, this opinion does not conceive that a human beings actions arise fr om straightforward and predictable chains of cause and consequence.Rather, it implies that events produce effects by chance. As a result, the hazard or chance of an event producing an effect is emphasized in Banduras cognitive theory (Bandura, 2006). Perhaps the most significant aspect of Banduras theory is the way in which the theory treats behavior. Unlike many other theoretical frameworks, this theory has equal action on both the input of the personality and the sidetrack of personality (Bandura, 1986). In essence, Banduras opinion is that a persons actions and the resultant effects shape the persons aptitude, feelings and belief in one self (Bandura, 2006).For example, many behaviorist theories depict scant curiosity in self-process because the theorists assume that human functioning is caused by external stimulus rather than the internal stimulus which is except considered as transmitting rather than causing behavior (Bandura, 1986). This paper critically evaluates the notab le features of Banduras cognitive theory and discusses in token the viewpoint of the Bandura at the time of formulation of the theory and the theorys subsequent modification.The paper will also appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the theory based on the discussion. Analysis of the salient features of Banduras cognitive theory The most notable feature of Banduras social cognitive theory is the concept of reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1986). multiplicative inverse determinism is a phenomenon that implies the causes and effects of different actions on behavior and environment and how they affect each other.Thus, Banduras theory was based on the point that personal factors in the form of cognition, biological events and affect, behavior and environmental factors create interfaces that result in a triadic reciprocality as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 The design of Banduras (1986) concept of the social cognitive theory. Source Created from the description by Bandura (2006) Bandura modified the label of his theory from the common perspective of social learning to social cognitive in order to distance it from the common social learning theories of his time (Bandura, 1986).He also wanted to lay emphasis on the radical that cognition plays a significant role in mints capability to construct reality, regulate their personality, encode information and display other kinds of behavior. correspond to Bandura (1971), the reciprocal form of the determinants of individual human functioning in social cognitive theory enables services such as therapeutic and counseling efforts to be rendered with focus on personal environment or behavioral factors as illustrated in the diagram above.Based on this, strategies to improve a persons well-being can be aimed at ameliorating the emotional, cognitive and motivational process of the human being (Bandura, 1986). The focus can also be on improving behavioral capabilities or changing the communal conditions under which peo ple live and work. As an example, teachers in schools have a role to not only improve their students academic learning and confidence, but also boost their (students) self-beliefs and habits of thinking.Hence, teachers and students have to embrace all the components of Banduras triadic expression of cognitive theory. As earlier mentioned, Banduras social cognitive theory sets itself aside from other theories that overemphasize the role played by environmental factors in the development of human behavior (Bandura, 1986 Bandura, 2006). These theories are often dismissed since they have the redundant factor of cause and effect that is unworthy in the context of evaluating the psychological aspect of human beings.Thus gibe to Bandura, psychology per se without a clear self-examination cannot purport to explain the complexities of human intricacies of human functioning. Bandura (1986) further noted it is by evaluating their own conscious minds that people discern their own psychological processes. Therefore, in order to predict how the human behavior is affected by environmental outcomes, it is imperative that the individuals cognitive process and how he or she interprets the outcomes be understood.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr is a prominent African the Statesn in the history of the coupled States of America renown for his civil justifiedlys activism in his tone making him an important human rights icon even today. Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta, Georgia on fifteenth January 1929 in a Christian family with his father Martin Luther King Sr. a reverend and his m separate Alberta Williams King. He had two siblings, an older sister and a junior br other(a). King grew up in Atlanta and attended Bookker T Washington High School. He marrowed Morehouse College at the age of fifteen and later in 1948 graduated with a degree in Arts majoring in sociology.He later enrolled in Cruzer Theological Seminary for theological studies and graduated in 1951. He enrolled in Boston University for his doctorate in systematic theology and received his PHD in 1955. He married Coretta Scott in 1953 and had four children. In 1954 he became Dextor Avenue Baptist church building Pastor at the age of 25. In 1955 he led the Montgomery autobus Boycott, 1957 assisted the founding of Southern Christian Leadership conference, 1963 led frame in on Washington where he delivered his I sacrifice a Dream speech and in1964, he received Nobel Peace prize.Thereafter his focuses was on poverty Vietnam state of war and religion and in 1968 April 4th, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His significance is still felt and adopt been rewarded the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004 Congressional Gold Medal and the United States further established a national holiday in his respect in 1986. (Bruns 1-30) Martin Luther King Jr accomplished a lot in his life. The 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott which he led was as a result of the oppressions and discriminations that African Americans were going through from the dominating whites.The Jim wallow laws existed and which segregated non-white communities in public services. The ostracize lasted for a year leading to Kings arrest and his house bombing. However, he enchantd the end of racial segregation on the buses and Jim Crow laws amendment in 1965. With other civil rights activists, Martin Luther founded the Southern Christian leadership conference in 1957. This group aimed at mobilizing the black churches against civil right abuse. Kings applied non violence techniques in his cognizance a concept he borrowed from Mahatma Gandhi.In 1960s the American politics were dominated by civil right injustices. Kings therefore mobilized the society on right to vote, labor rights, civil rights and desegregation. He became so influential from public opinion sympathy. However, he was successful in influencing the civil rights act of 1964 and voting rights act 1965. In his fight against desegregation, King found himself in conflict with the law and in life threatening incidents. At one time he was stubbed on the bosom by a woman because of his stance. In 1961 he was arrested and jailed along others in Albany movement.In 1963 along with SCLC he led the Birmingham campaigns that lasted for two months against each(prenominal) racial segregations and discriminatory laws. In these campaigns they confronted with the law enforcers and many were arrested. Children also took into the campaigns. Despite Kings Advocate for non-violent campaigns, at times pressure exceeded and violence was reported. These campaigns were prodigious in the Jim Crow laws removal and Kings reputation growth. He was also influential in the 1964 St Augustine and Selma Marches against whites harassment.The 1963 March of Washington was very meaningful in the history of Martin Luther Kings as well as that of the United States. It attracted around half a million people from all racial backgrounds. It is at this identify that he voiced his I have a dream speech that influenced and still influences Americans even today. The march aimed at voicing freedom and equality in all sectors like in jobs. Along with other civil rights movements and activists, they voiced on poor wages, desegregations in public institutions like schools, protection of civil movements from police brutality, self government for Washington among others.There after, he continued with his activism expressing his stance on compensation of the disadvantaged and black Americans. He was involved in damn Sunday saga and influenced the Chicago marches that included the Belmont Cragin, Bogan, Gege Park, and Evergreen Park alongside others. He also opposed the Vietnam War terming the American government liaison as goal oriented and as the purveyor of the violence. Beyond Vietnam speech was very significant in his stance on Vietnam. He basically criticized the United States government involvement in to this war.All these pressures and influences he had against the American government made him very insecure. His life was endangered with instances of even physical assaults and life threats. All these led to his black lotion in 1968 when in his civil dutie s. His death still remains a controversy as his enemies ranged from the government to individuals. His influence still remains even today. His is cognise to have influenced many prominent people including Jesse Jackson and Barrack Obama. His influence was also felt in the third human being countries across Africa and Asia.(Bruns 1-143) The thoughts and the life of Martin Luther Kings Jr atomic number 18 very significant not only to the Americans but to the world at large. Many of the third world countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia have haggard their political dominance struggle from his teachings. By the year 1968 in his assassination, many African countries had acquired independence but elements of Europeans control still dominated their political and stinting settings. They have applied kings thoughts to seek full their independence.In South Africa, prominent people against apartheid like Desmond Tutu, Nelson and Winnie Mandela, Alan Boesky have advocated kings thought in their struggle. The friendly di plentys characterizing approximately nations in the world have brought discrimination of the lower classes. For instance the Rich discriminate the poor. The poor have continued struggling and in most cases they have used the kings non violence strategy for fear that the rich would overcome them in violence. (Roof 113-115) African American originally migrated in the United States as slaves. They were discriminated and oppressed in their places of work. hitherto after the abolishment of slavery, elements of oppression and discrimination were still rampant in American society. There was and have been the need to turn to this step to the fore as the superiority nature of US depends on its entire people and not a particular race. Martin Luther was among the many people who have dedicated their lives to bring forth a racialism free society. He challenged the United States government which led to the abolishment of constitution based discriminative elements. It was upon his efforts that many other anti-segregation and civil rights have emerged.They have challenged consecutive government enhancing equality in race in the United States society. As a super power, United States have significantly influenced the orbiculate community against racism. It has influenced the united nation to act against racism in European world a place where racism is one of the major social issues. His influence is not only in black people but also in minority group in the world. Martin Luther King Jr is celebrated for he sowed the seeds of improve and hope in United States. His leadership was courageous, truthful, and compassionate of dignity and humility.He advocated for forgiveness, unconditional love and nonviolence element that most of the successful leader in the world today have adopted. His expression in the dream of America has in itself a lot to copy. He emphasized multiracial nation bound by justice, peace and reconciliation. His holiday i s very significant in the American unity. There is not other day that brings all races together in a vibrant spirit of togetherness. The Hispanic, African Americans, Native Americans and all other immigrants feel they are part of the Luthers dream on America.He had a vision on the world that its people and nations will overcome poverty, war, racism and violence. He had a vision on ecumenical solidarity which implied that all faiths have a significant contribution to the beloved society. His life and thoughts have also had an influence to many people in that his endurance in threats and beatings for the sake of the freedom for others. (Rev King Holiday) In education, he influenced sociology. He was an advocate of non violence reconciliation and unconditional love perspectives that can be applied in solving social conflicts.His emphasis on what is the most loving way I can resolve this conflict? in solving problem is the most diplomatic method that many nations have applied in solvin g their differences. He prompted love to all mankind. In his holiday Americans take that opportunity to help the unfortunate the sick and the poor in their society. His life is also significant to the Christianity way of life. It emphasized the love of God and the love for your neighbor as the greatest commandment. He was food of quoting the Bible and to the highest degree lived a perfect way. Jesus Himself died for the good of the people to set them free from their sins.Martin Luthers died in the war for freedom of his people. He has influence many non-Christians to join the faith and also many Christians to imitate his strategies (The Struggle Begins) The election of Barrack Obama as the president of the United States is a reflection of Martin Luther King fight against racism in the US. It is an evidence of the extent the United States people have reached in race relation. It reflects Americans citizens decisions not on the color of the skin but on the content and characters of i ts leaders. Obamas appointment can be described to be a fulfillment of Kings dream.He expressed his hopes in an honorable society and appealed to the moral consciousness of Americans. It is under this inspiration that the American voted in. Obamas win was also on caution to those amongst the American who are still in racism ideologies. Kings influence will continue as such racist are now likely to reform making US a racism free society. (Zaid) Martin Luther king Jr was a young man who has influenced a lot of young men around the world. He worked tirelessly to fully realize his potential despite the challenges he came across. Unfortunately he was assassinated.His life has been a challenge to many youth who are vulnerable in loosing hope. His life is a testimony implying everybody can succeed in all areas in life. The ideology that the more one is aged the more successful is a amour of the past. Many youths have exploited their talents and have really succeeded under kings inspirati on. They are evident in sports, entertainment, politics, business and education. He emphasized on moral consciousness a concept that when adapted, one can refrain from civil disobedience reducing violation through drug abuse and other crimes.For any society to succeed in all dimensions of life, it must observe equality, be moral conscious, obey the civil rights, and use friendly strategy in solving conflicts. These were the kings major advocacies. He is a significant icon in the United States success. Therefore, his strategies should be used all over the world in foreign and domestic polices. His thoughts and strategies can be effective in solving many conflicts around the world. Nation-nation conflicts may be resolved using a more friendly and diplomatic strategy.Domestic violence especially in African communities may be solved without violation of human rights and civil rights. Even as Kings influence continue to be felt all over, even as his dreams start fulfilling a lot need to be done to address the uncovered issues that still oppress the minority and the poor. He fought for civil movements and who should in turn continue challenging the violators of justice.Work citedRoof, C. W.World Order and Religion SUNY Press, 1991 113 115 Bruns, R. Martin Luther King, Jr A Biography Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 1 143 Rev King Holiday. Martin Luther king. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. theholidayspot. com/martin_luther_king_day/meaning. htm Zaid, I. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Barack Obama, and the Fate of America. 2008. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. newislamicdirections. com/nid/notes/dr_martin_luther_king_jr_barack _obama_and_the_fate_of_america/ The Struggle Begins. Lecture 25 Martin Luther Kings. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. wfu. edu/matthetl/perspectives/twentysix. html

John Dewey and early childhood education Essay

Education is not preparation for life. Education is life itself. buns Dewey (1859-1952) (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) The set of Desired Outcomes of Pre-school Education that the Ministry of Education(MOE) had put together in 2003 highlighted the significant importance of pre-school education being the platform for lifelong learning. Its intention were far beyond preparation of these children merely for Primary instruct curriculum (Wong,2000). Very much alike to John Dewey (Dewey)s quote, MOEs take on pre-school education exists similar context.I felt that it challenges the perceived flavour that education is only nearly getting the necessary qualifications or securing a good job. However, with an open mind, education in fact occurs doneout life. This brings close a few educational principles of Dewey which had influenced me in my workings with children in a pre-school setting. I felt that the central concept of Deweys view of education was that there should be gr eater emphasis on allowing children develop problem solving skills, critical thinking skills, and being fit to make decisions on their give birth, rather than simply on the memorization of lessons.Through real life experiences, instead of merely being on the receiving end of secondhand information, children were able to develop the required skills effectively (Seefeldt and Barbour, 1998). alert learning has been widely advocated in my child care centre. I often incorporate and encourage it too. Lets say I will be teaching on the theme of occupation and refers are the topic of the week. For the younger age group like pre- greenhouse and nursery, I would provide real materials like a doctor play set.Children would be encouraged to explore these materials at their consume pace and interests. They would be able to experience how it feels like being a doctor and thereafter get an insight of what a doctors work scope is about. Concurrently, they would be exposed to the instruments th at a doctor uses. I would excessively want children open ended questions like What does a doctor do? Which tool do you think a doctor uses to hear your heartbeat? If you are a doctor, how would you hear my heartbeat? .I believethat such open ended question encourages children to construct their own understanding of concepts. I would also drop hints and effort to spur their interest when children become uninterested and seem clueless. On top of these activities, for the kindergarten classes, I would introduce a Doctor of the day where the child would, alongside the teacher, pay heed in the daily temperature taking of children. This way they would understand the concept of what is taken to be ill and what is not, and also who should they visit at times when they fall sick.I would also liaise with a nearby clinic and bring the children on a trip, getting the doctor to assist in giving the children a short intro of a regular consultation in the clinic. The children will not only be able to see how a clinic setting is like, they will also be able to pose questions to the doctor to find out more. Following which, I would computer programme for a clinic role play where children are free to express their own interpretation and ideas of a being a doctor. In tie with Deweys avocation of active learning, this concept of learning has been strongly supported by the topical anesthetic context too.In the Code of Ethics, professionals are obliged to promote and encourage children to be actively involved regardless of ability (Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore, 2005). Dewey also advocated that the school is a social institution (Flanagan, 1994). He believed that through social interaction with adults and peers, learning would be further reinforced (Henniger, 2002). Communication with peers or adults allows children to think, bidding their thoughts into verbal words and therefore encourages and stimulates a childs thinking.Interactive learning is also vital to social development. Being able to develop a positive and satisfying relationship with peers and adults is crucial for effective social interaction and is often a focus of pre-school programs (Early Childhood Teachers Association, 2003). In my workings with children, I sport realized the important role social interaction plays in a childs development. Children across all pre-school levels enjoy talking and interacting with each separate over their thoughts, opinions and experiences. One way I encourage this is by planning for problem solving in group discussions.For instance, the kindergarten children would be issued a problem at the start of the day What are the features of an insect? They would then be divided into groups to explore the problem by going into the various learning centres I shoot set up toacquire the information. This can be followed up by bringing the children on a field trip to the Botanical Garden where children are able explore on the topic and make drawings and notes on their observations as a group. At the end of the day, they would discuss about their gatherings again in groups, and then extradite their findings.Other than learning how to function as a member of a group, children would also be able to learn cooperative skills and conflict resolution through the activity. Besides peer interaction, adult interaction plays an equally important role. In the Assessment of Licensing Standards in child care centre, staffs are to encourage interaction with children in order for children to be able to understand self and others (Ministry of Community Development and Sports, 2003). In the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I take time to listen, make eye get across and respond to children.This makes children feel comfortable and it motivates them to interact more with adults. I would also plan for activities like plunder play and painting on large written document where children are able to proceed with the activity together. Throug h such activities, they are able to discuss, comment and communicate with each other too. I would also gestate questions like, What do you think Clarisse has molded? Does it look like a sandwich? which allows for creative thoughts to be expressed and interaction to take place. Deweys philosophy perceived a teachers role as a guide and observer, rather than an instructor or a disciplinarian.The teacher is to provide and prepare the environs and curriculum to allow children to benefit and learn productively from it. Teachers were also expected to observe children and come up with activities designed to facilitate optimal learning (Feeney, Christensen and Moravcik, 2006). For the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I would provide a large variety of materials where children would be given the choice to choose based on their preference. I would not interfere in their choice activity as long as it conforms safety standards. I would also plan for activities where children could explore an d exercise trial and error.For instance in the dough making session, they would be able to explore how much water is needed to achieve the texture of dough they would like, and what should be added when the dough becomes too soft. However, I would be guiding children whenever they are stuck or faced with much difficulty. I would also put up childrens work like their art work at a prominent corner of the classroom to make them feel that their work is valued. For the kindergarten classes, I would plan the lesson together with the children and come up with activities that could tap on their interest.For instance, discussing with children about which occupations interests them the most by showing them a variety of it. After the children have made their choices, I would plan activities catered to their interest. Throughout the lesson, I would make observational notes about each child and provide experiences or materials catered to individuals interest. For example if a child shows immens e interest in the occupation teacher, I would plan for the child to have a go at teaching his fellow classmates a song.Or if a child is interested in being a policeman, he could patrol the corridors before nap time to ensure that children are not hiding in the toilets or up to mischief. Similarly, under the Framework for Kindergarten Curriculum, MOE advocate putting their principles into practice in a few ways. These includes, preparing the learning environment by encouraging learning at their own pace and choice, planning significant activities based on childrens interest and abilities, allowing resources and materials to be easily and readily available and observing and monitoring childrens development.(Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) Through Dewey, I become apprised of various methods and principles which plays a vital role in childrens pre-school learning. Though there were also controversies in Deweys philosophy, I believe that each philosopher possesses their own vi rtues and Dewey was one which struck me the most. References Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore (2005). Code of ethics. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http//www. aeces. org/code_of_ethics Early Childhood Teachers Association (2003). Educating young children.Journal of early childishness teachers association inc and school of early childhood university of technology, 9(1) Feeney, S. Christensen, D. Moravcik, E. (2006). Who am I in the lives of children? an introduction to early childhood education (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education. Flanagan, F. M. (1994). John Dewey. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http//www. admin. mfu. edu/ctlf/Ed%20Psych%20Readings/dewey. pdf Henniger, M. L. (2002) Teaching young children An introduction (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education.

Human resource management function Essay

Human resource management function -Able to outsource production or manufacturing in other countries such as Italy, Morocco, Poland and Turkey which be able to make the shirts cheap enough and good enough.-Under a smart party boss who is overzealous and skilled in his melody. -Limited human capital especially operation managing directors so that Robert can concentrate on heading.The opportunity to bring much operations director on board so that Robert can concentrate on design. -An adverse Change in the international market environment stipulation that they are uneffective to manufacture cheap and good quality shirts off the road.Accounting and finance function -Very healthy financially especially due to use retained wage to expand.-Has been self-financed after the paternal startup deal.-Good enough people apart from Robert who are able to do tasks such as analytics, accounting and warehousing much kick downstairs than Robert. -A paternal startup deal which had higher ki ndle rates than local bank rates.-An extremely conservative approach to financing -Angel investors and rightfulness financiers will be willing to invest in the contrast given its good financial health.-Cutthroat angel investors who has the potential to affect the growth of the business. Issuing out part of equity will dilute control of ownership which may bring wrangles in future.Marketing function -E-commerce which is already accounting for 15% of sales.-A Loyal customers base that is able to market the business by word of mouth and thus no much marketing take.-Broad patterns of up to 500 patterns -A number of exposit rough the elaboration plan still remain sketchy.-Marketing and promotion only rely with word of mouth.-A chance to build itself as a brand by diversifying into other products such as jackets, shoes, belts.-An opportunity to diversify customers seeming to be demanding diversification.-Opportunity for increased number of outlets-The opening up of an online shop whi ch has potential for multiplying sales from the accepted 15%.-A tenaciouser term vision of taking advantage of the growing appetite for the British luxury brands in appear markets. -Limitation by design and material.A number of parts or areas of the business need more(prenominal) strengthening so as to accelerate the growth and expansion of the business. The area that should be given priority in terms of strengthening it is accounting and finance since it will affect the other functions. The very conservative approach of financing ought to be decompressed and the cutthroat angel and equity investors avoided so as avoiding problems that may arise in the future. The human resource management function should be strengthened by encouraging more specialization within the fundamental law such as by hiring operations directors to manage operations that other may concentrate on other tasks like design. Also trying to engage in manufacturing off the road may wait on to overcome event ualities such as incase of replace in the international market environment. The marketing function can be strengthened by having a clear and concise expansion plan and also by getting more materials and designs to help in curbing diddleage in future even after outlets meet been increased.Culture is a lot of shared expectations, beliefs and norms by the members of the same organization. In depth Organizational nuance can be described as the ideological system that is shared by the members of the organization, this culture is transmitted finished interactiveness and socialization in the organization and help to shape the behavior of individuals (Schwartz and Davis, 1981 p. 33).The culture in Emmett shirts is shaped by the by-line factors. First the sector in which the Emmett shirts business operates in greatly influences it and in this case given that the business deals with clothes and specifically shirts where they sell them on retail to the customers. The fact that they are in direct contact with their final consumer makes them to be more friendly to consumers, listening to their suggestions and demands and showing them that they care.Secondly the influence of the founder or the business leader shapes the organizational culture. Robert Emmett being the owner and boss of the organization is key into formulating ideas and ideologies that are embraced by the others in the organization. Robert refers to himself as a smart boss but also quick to note that he is not there yet, this depicts him as some unity setting the precedent to work smart and still seek to do it better and better. He is also very passionate about his business having has started it from scratch and also not to fail to mention his skills especially in design. The other people in the organization campaign to benchmark themselves with the leader and thus in Emmett shirts Robert is very crucial in terms of changing the organization culture.The history and tradition of the business also sha pes the culture of the organization. Emmett shirts started as a really small entity with a loan from Roberts father and now through retained earnings it has grown to three outlets all of which are doing great. The history of the business to its current position shapes the ideas and beliefs of what the business can achieve in future. These ideas and beliefs about the business in turn affect the actions and behavior of the workers and all members at large.The organization expectations in terms the growth plan, returns expected, expectations on the workers, the objectives, persistent term and short term goals, mission and vision to a great design dictates the culture of the organization. The culture of the organization should support the realization of the organization expectations. The reward system and standard of performance of the organization also goes a long way in determining the members culture. Emmetts shirts business is also dictated in general by this factor since its cu lture has to support its expansion plan of establishing more outlets.The customer base combined with the broad business environment such as legislation and other aspects like competition defines the culture of the organization. A change in the business environment may necessitate a change of culture as the organization adjusts to the changed environment. Emmett shirts may collapse to change a few aspects so as to address customers demands, respond to their feedback and move along with them. The culture of the organization can also be shaped by its environment such that an environment which is competitive may call for the organization to look at in its being the best, deliver quality products and offer excellent services.A Stakeholder of any organization refers to any person or party with an interest in the organization, the interests of different groups may at times conflict. Financial stakeholders in an organization are those who have financial interests in the organization or th ey will be affected by the state of the organization financially.Table 1.2 showing different stakeholders and their interests.Stakeholder category. Stakeholder. Interests.Internal stakeholders Owner(s), Robert Emmett Financial return or profits and capital gain or increase in value of his investment.Management team or Employees of Emmett shirts. A sense of belonging, payment, dividing line satisfaction, and training.External stakeholders Lender, Roberts father. Security and interest rate confederation Contribution to community.Government/Authorities Taxes and compliance.Customers Supply of properly priced quality goods and services.Plans concerning future growth of Roberts business through consideration of a number of open business opportunities. The growth plan will affect the different groups with a financial interest in the business. Robert want to expand his business by establishing more outlets, having an online shop, increasing production and in the long term the vision of t aking advantage of the growing appetite for the British luxury brands in emerging markets. Implementing these expansion plans means more risks, increased costs and multiplied management problems. The costs will be elastic to changes in the market in which the organization is operate in and thus the cost is likely to vary with future plans.The owner(s) interest to get higher financial returns could be thwarted in the short shed blood if the expansion plans are implemented. The cash which could have been considered as returns to the owner are used in conjunction with other resources to implement the expansion plan. The owner, Robert will have to contend with nil returns for a time as he awaits the newly established projects to break-even. Expansion also means more finances are needed in the butt against and Robert may be forced to surrender a good proportion of the ownership of the organization to investors who are ready to invest their specie in the organization in exchange to a share of ownership.The management and employees of Emmett shirts will also encounter more management problems in the expansion process and also later as they manage the new establishment in its new environment. Some of the workers may be transferred to different locations and others assigned different and more challenging roles. The above will in turn kill the sense of belonging amongst the employees as they are work shifted to different locations and probably also diminish job satisfaction. The management and workers may also have to spend cash and time training so as to be able to handle the new challenges in the organization.Lenders of the business such as Roberts father who provided the capital for starting the business, their financial interest in the firm i.e. repayment of principal amount and interest may be adversely affected. Loans are supposed to be repaid periodically of which it may not be possible if the expansion plan is quite over-ambitious or done over-aggressively w ithout considering the ramifications of doing that. To avoid a scenario where loan repayment plan fails it is instrumental to plan and budget wisely.Costs can be differentiated into different types and categories which shoot different treatment in the budget. Variable (VC) or proportional and fixed costs (FC) are the main costs incurred in any business. Although there are intermediaries between the two main costs such are semi-variable costs, semi-fixed costs. The above classification depends purely on the cost responsiveness to changing levels of business activity. pertinacious costs remain constant throughout and do not change even if the level of business activity changes, semi fixed costs tend to change a little bit to changes in business activity. Variable or proportional costs change with a change in the level of business activity semi-variable costs have an element of not being very much responsive to change in the level of business activity. In the expansion phase FC rarel y change much but VC will change with a slight change in activity level.Table 1.3 show the different types of costs in Emmett shirts business and their classification.No Item(Cost) Category DescriptionRent located costs Cost of hiring space for retailing or warehousing. stab and wages Variable costs Payment to workers and casual laborers.Designing Variable costs This is the cost used to make designs for manufacturing.Materials Variable costs These are materials or garment used to make the shirtsLicense Fixed costs The newly established outlets will need licenses for them to start operating.Research Variable cost This helps to recover aspects such as location and demand.Depreciation Fixed cost It is the cost of loss of value of machinesMotor vehicle Variable cost It will help in transportation of materials and personnelMarketing Variable cost Promotion and advertising especially for new outlets.Consultancy costs Variable costs To help observe with regulations and requirements in the new environmentPackaging materials Variable costs Management Allowances Variable costs Establishing new outlets may necessitate additional allowances.Furniture Fixed costs Such as additional tables and chairsThe human resource management in the case of Emmett Shirts is wanting in terms of specialization of tasks in the organization. Those doing design should be different from those engaged in managing the operations of the business. Hiring more talented personnel such as operation directors may go a long way in enhancing efficiency and dealing with future challenges that may arise as the business grows. Under the marketing function the expansion plan should be clear and the option to take that is whether to diversify as per customer demands. E-commerce has more potential and can help much in online marketing of the shirts. (Hurley 2011 p. 16)Globalization is the consolidation of economies, markets, industries, cultures and policy formulation. Globalization has both positive and negative effects on the economy of each country that has embrace it. Emmett shirts to a really sensible extent can be termed as a globalised business, due to the following reasons and aspects that can be seen in it. First under globalization there are quaternity drivers that drive globalization namely cost driver, market driver, technology driver and competition driver.Emmett Shirts have greatly embraced technology and has plans to continue to do so. Already 15% of the organization total sales are from E-commerce and plans are underway to have a well established online shop which is the same as establishing six physical stores. Having embraced E-commerce the business can be able to sell its product to any person in any place in the humanity and also do its promotion, marketing and advertising online. This intense online presence will help create more awareness about the product, announce introduction of new products and outlets. It is also easier to overcharge support from the existing loyal customer base and even benefit from customer referrals online. Technology level is the number one determinant of whether a business is a globalised business. In my opinion I would say that Emmett Shirts is a globalised business given that it has embraced technology in its operations and has embraced E-commerce and continues to do so.Market driver is other key driver of globalization under which companies take into consideration the various markets to invest that is giving attention to open market economics. Emmett Shirts considers as part of its long term ambition or goal to take advantage of the emerging markets in the east such as in mainland China and others awakening giants. These markets have got high appetite and demand for British luxury products or brands. We also see the business benchmarking itself against a brand from Dunhill road which has more shops in China than in London. This action tells us more about what the business is likely to focus on in its lo ng term plan that is establishing shops in the emerging markets in the Far East. This reason leads me to conclude that Emmett Shirts is a globalised business.In regard to whether Emmett Shirts is globalized we realize that the business outsource its production or manufacturing of shirts from other countries such as Poland, Morocco, Ital and Turkey depending on style and material. The reason doing for this is that in the country it is hard to produce cheap enough and good enough shirts. In summary this action shows us that the business has embraced cost driver as a key factor driving globalization and thus can be termed as a globalized business.There are four drivers of globalization which include technology driver, competition driver, cost driver and market driver. Under market driver globalization is determined by a desire to expand the market base to the emerging markets which are growing in terms of population and increased consumer purchasing actor in these markets. Companies consider investing or shifting their investment to open market economics. This also comes in handy with the aspect of competition amongst different countries and companies which are moving beyond their national or regional spheres to international spheres of the whole global market.Technology has been a driver of globalization in quite a number of aspects such as through E-commerce and Electronic transfer, telecommunication gadgets, platforms and softwares. Platforms such as the social media examples being face book, Twitter linked in and others, the media at large, emails, video links such as Skype have continued to accelerate communication and sharing of key information. In business spheres outsourcing some business tasks have been made possible.Government driver or change of policy framework in different countries and formation of trading blocks. Trade and non trade tariffs and shift in open market system. Formulation of G.A.T.T. (General Agreement of Tariff and Trade). Countries which are willing enter into agreements to carry free trade around the world. The tariffs were initially to defend the local infant industries I a country but the realization that countries have to work together for them to achieve economic development continues to propel countries to loosen their trade tariffs.According to my own analysis technology is the strongest driver of globalization of all the others. This is so because at a click of a button one can buy or sell any product or service while in any part of the world. Technology has turned the world into a global village and communication is made with ease amongst people who are very far from each other as if they were just coterminous to each other. Telecommunication devices such as tablets, smart phones and computers at large have interlinked every corner of the world through the World Wide Web. citeHurley, J. (2011) Emmetts Luxury Shirts Deciding whether to specialise or diversify a luxury brand, The Daily Telegraph (Lon don), 19 July.Source document

The Causes and Effects of Whaling

The Causes and Effects of Whaling 1 The Causes and Effects of Whaling giant star is the current reveal for diverse marine mammals of the order Cetacea, having the general shape of a fish with forelimbs modified as fins, a tail with level flukes, and one or deuce blowholes on top of the head. (Whale, 2010). Whaling dates back to prehistoric times, but it became an important industry in the nineteenth century. Whales have been hunted for meat or make into lighting oil.Until the international injunction on commercially hunting whales was enacted in 1982 by International Whaling Commission (effective from 1986), some species were seriously endangered. Although commercial whaling was forbidden, several countries were noncompliant to follow it such as Norway and Japan. They developed whaling industry for the sake of economic benefits and because the cost is low with free marine resources. But whaling has serious effects on both the environment as well as the society. Japanese are the l eading whale hunters at present, now we use Japan as a typical example and we will mainly talk about Japans whaling.Commercial whaling is lucrative, the prosperous fishing industry in Japan in like manner affects the economic interests of other industries such as tourism and Catering Industry. This is the first reason why Japan insists on whaling. According to a statistics of Japans Institute of Cetacean query in 2000, the production of whale meat in Japan is 2849 tons, and the whale skin is 1051 tons. The revenue generated by whaling activities is more than US$32 million for each one year. Whaling Whats more, Japan has natural and vast amount of marine resources.The 2 whaling industry was also driven by the free marine resources. Japan was veneer the pressure from public opinion especially the West about hunting whales unrestrictedly and excessively. But why Japan was still persisting in whaling? The most portentous reason comes to my mind is cultural conflict. Put it this way, Japanese hate the way Europe and the United States imposes their values to them. They feel unfair and have no plan of lying down under those accusations, and they want to show their cultural identity through whaling.That is their subconscious action and they would like to take this way against cultural imperialism in order to safeguard their own interests. However, due to their continuous whaling, more than 2 million whales were killight-emitting diode in the early 20th century. Some species of whales are close to extinction. Whaling sounds aught to do with us, how does whaling affect us? Japanese whaling in the northern Pacific Ocean has caused international objections, according to Reuben (2001), the potential full-scale trade war led by U. S. ill become true if Japan still refuses to reform Japans whaling practices. Another thing, the excessive whaling disturbs the balance of the ecosystem they belong to, it will also diminish the marine ecosystems, and even the whole could co llapse. The worst influence is the people in Taiji, Japan were detected their mercury levels exceed standards which stipulated by World wellness Organization because of eating whale meat in excess. It has Whaling come to light that mercury is the most toxic element on earth. It is very dangerous for us to eat whale meat. 3In conclusion, the excessive whaling caused by economic benefits and cultural conflict resulted in terrible impacts on oceanic environment and human beings. To save whales, environmental protection organizations like Greenpeace or individuals are campaigning to end commercial whaling and the governments should also go to great lengths to end it. Whaling 4 References Whale. (October 8, 2009). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Whale Whaling. (February 12, 2009). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Whaling The Cove. April 25, 2009). In Wikipedia , The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Cove_(film) Reuben B. Ackerman. (2001, January) Japanese Whaling in the Pacific Ocean Defiance of International Whaling Norms in the name of Scientific Research, Culture, and conventional, Boston College, Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//www. bc. edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bciclr/25_2/07_TXT. htm Japans Institute of Cetacean Research, In Baidupedia, Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http//baike. baidu. com/view/1632862. html

Long-Lasting Hostility Among Indians Towards British Rule Essay

How far do cums 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar assassinate fabricated widespread and long-lasting aggression among Indians towards British chance?Sources 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar Massacre, the incident in which British troops on a lower floor the order of General Dyer fired at a crowd of Indian protesters on the 13th April 1919, did work widespread and long-lasting distaste among Indians towards the British. Creating the British government to be portrayed as repressive and irresponsible. However, the secondary view presented by the ancestors is that Indians were not head-on towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive.The view of which the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility amongst Indians towards British rule is presented in Source 11. The Empire have become dishonest and unscrupulous, with no regard to the wishes of the Indian people. This article wa s create verbally by Gandhi in 1920, which is shortly after the Amritsar Massacre, and the reliability of it is not that high as it is published in his own newspaper. Although it is still useful as Gandhi was a highly influential figure and supported by the masses so what he said would be key. Using strong words such as dishonest and unscrupulous, suggests strong feelings of hostility towards British rule.Also Gandhi feels as though the British are nearly cheating the Indian people, importation that the British are doing what they want without consulting the people they are ruling over. This offset shows that the hostility felt by Indians was in fact widespread as it is written by Gandhi, a man who represented and was supported by the masses within India. This radical does suggest that the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule.This theme of hostility towards British is also shown within Source 10, Irresponsible go vernment rights of human beings are denied to us. This extract is from a speech made by Motilal Nehru at the meeting of Congress a few days after the Massacre occurred. The usefulness of this is not as high as obtain 11 as we cannot be sure if the hostility was long-lasting as it is the same year as the Massacre itself. Although the reliability is still high Nehru was addressing the whole of Congress meaning he could not lie and also as it a few days after the Amritsar Massacre would increase the reliability as it will show the true feelings of Nehru.This extract shows that the Indians once again felt that the British were doing as they pleased without Indian voices being heard, which is also shown in source 11. However, as this source is written by Motilal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, it is difficult to say from this source that hostility was in fact widespread as Nehru only represents the Indian National Congress which has the high caste confederation as a sign ificant majority. Although this source does not show that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians, however it does suggest that it was leading to this point.However, the alternative view shown within source 12 is that Indians were not hostile towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive. Without British protection we would not be completely oppressed by their majority. This extract was from a Muslim shoe merchant, Hafiz Hussain, investigating Hindu-Muslim riots during the genteel disobedience campaign in 1931. This extract is useful and also authentic as it is from a special K Muslim who would have no reason to lie and would give an overview and insight into the situation.As Hafiz Hussain is talking well-nigh the pressure the Hindus put the Muslims under to close their shops as a mark of respect for an executed terrorist, he is glad that the British are protecting them as they would have no choice in goal their shops as the majority would oppress them into doing so. This shows that this hostility towards the British was not caused by the Amritsar Massacre but that of the executing of a terrorist. This suggests that the Amritsar Massacre was not the only reason widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule was created, it shows that other factors came into play.The view that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards the British is shown mainly within source 11, as it is the most useful and reliable source, but also source 10 as well.Although source 12 does suggest that there were other factors leading towards the hostility among Indians towards the British its provenance is not as great as those of sources 10 and 11 combined. As source 10 is the most useful and reliable at showing the widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians due to the Amritsar Massacre it outweig h the points given by source 12. Suggesting that that the Indian people did have widespread and long-lasting hostility towards British rule because of the Massacre.

Tranisition Into a Global Organization

What food marketing considerations do you need to understand as you formulate from a domestic supplier or international distributor to a fully interconnected global company? Is it an easy changeover or does it demand restructuring of your market functions? There are more factors an organization must consider before and during the transition into a fully integrated global company. Although the transition may not be easy, evaluation of and planning for these considerations will enable an organization to evolve into a strong global organization.During this process of transition from a domestic company to a true global organization, some restructuring of the market functions will have to occur. The traditional marketing model from the sellers fleck of view, or the Four Ps of marketing, is ground on Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. This model is based on the assumption that the securities industry is driven by manufacturers. According to Schultz and Kitchen (2000), manufact ured-driven marketplace has evolved into a distribution-driven market place where major retailers or distributors alike Wal-Mart control the marketplace.Schultz and Kitchen (2000) go on to state that the marketplace is continuing to evolve into a risingly emerging interactive marketplace brought about by the development of the internet and new e-commerce business applications. In this new interactive marketplace, the consumer interests rule and as a result, manufacturers, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) must adjust to consumer needs. This new trend has lead to a new marketing model from the consumers point of view. This model, called the Four Cs is consumer oriented as opposed to the traditional seller oriented Four Ps model.The Four Cs model of marketing are Customers, Company, Competitors, and Circumstances. The global marketplace, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) is a combination of the other three marketplace functions. If this is the case, an organization tha t wishes to evolve into a fully integrated global company must evaluate the global market based on the Four Ps and the Four Cs and develop a business plan consequently to the specific marketplace of implementation. What operates locally for a domestic organization may not work lobally.Consider the example of the Starbucks Company failure in Australia. According to Patterson, Scott and Uncles (2010), a contributing factor to the failure of Starbucks in the Australian marketplace was that Starbucks tried to bring what worked in the US and applying it here (Australia), without really fellow feeling the local market. Starbucks had an unsustainable business model because the company failed to do the research that would have enabled the company to effectively market its product to the Australian consumer.ReferencesPatterson, P. , Scott, J. , & Uncles, M.. (2010). How the local competition defeated a global brand The case of Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18, 41-47. Retrie ved from http//proquest. umi. com. ezproxy1. apus. edu/pqdweb? did=2097829591&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=62546&RQT=309&VName=PQD Schultz, D. & Kitchen, P.. (2000). Communicating Globally An integrated marketing approach. Lincolnwood, IL McGraw-Hill, Inc. Retrieved from http//site. ebrary. com/lib/apus/docDetail. litigate? docID=10153056

Jesus Christ †Essay Essay

Most of us get along roughly deliveryman savior and his life. Therefore, I depart briefly cover deliveryman in this paper. As for Muhammad, I will attempt to shed near light on the subject of this Messenger of God. Perhaps a better understanding of this Muslim icon can be obtained and understood through this comparative essay. Both of these religious figures caused a vicissitude of faith and belief in the one and only God, or Allah as the Muslims know Him by.Jesus ChristJesus Christ, son of God, was born to Mary and Joseph in Bethlehem, Israel. He was baptized by John the Baptist. When Jesus was baptized God called out from Heaven and declared This is my beloved son. This signified that Jesus was the Messiah. Jesus had twelve companions oh his choosing. These were his disciples, also known as the apostles. They went with Jesus in his travels. In these travels, Jesus taught the masses about God through parables and sermons.Jesus performed many miracles to prove that he was th e son of God. He used his saintly powers to overcome nature, disease and even death itself. He made believers out of many hoi polloi that had witnessed the miracles. These miracles, on with his teachings, caused many to glorify God and believe that Jesus was truly the Messiah. The Messiah was foretold to be the savior of the foundation and the King of the Jews. Sadly, the Jewish leaders did not believe that Jesus was the Messiah. The Jews had Jesus arrested. He was nearly released by the Roman Governor Pilate but the Jews threatened to riot. Pilate gave in and sentenced Jesus to be crucified.Delivering on the promise that he had made to his disciples, Jesus came back to life after he had died on the cross. As it is told in the Bible, He was sealed up in a guarded tomb. An angel came and scared the heck out of the guards and fled the scene. The disciples later went to the tomb to discover it empty. Jesus had died on the cross for the sins of humanity and had risen from the dead, thus again proving that he was the unbent Messiah. The Prophet Muhammad was born in 569A.D. in Makkah, also known as Mecca, Saudi Arabia.He was increase by his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib. This was because Muhammads father had died before he was born. Upon his grandfathers death, he was brought up by his uncle Abu Talib. The Makkans claim to be descended from Abraham by Ismail. (Pickthall, M.) Therefore, it could be said that Islam(http//www.associatedcontent.com/topic/6753/islam.html) is similar to Christianity in the fact that some(prenominal) are Abrahamic organized religions.Muhammad journeyed with his uncle with a group of merchants that traded is Syria. Muhammad eventually became the merchant for the wealthy widow Khadijah. Although she was fifteen years cured that Muhammad the two came to be married for twenty-six years. His marriage put him in good standing with the Makkahan people of notoriety. This, along with his excellent conducts in business and society, earned him the surname Al-Amin which meant trustworthy. (Pickthall, M.)Muhammad was a non-conformist to the popular religion of his time. The House of Allah, known as the Kabah, was said to be built by Abraham for the worship of Allah only. Kabah had come to be a place of worship to other idols as well. Muhammad and others like him were known as Hunafa. They desired to know the true religion of Abraham and did not agree with the current worship of many idols. (Pickthall, M.)The Hunafa sought the truth through inner reflection or meditation. Muhammads place of meditation(http//www.associatedcontent.com/topic/4047/meditation.html) was known as Hira, a hollow located in the Mountain of Light, near Makkah. This is where the angel Jibril, known as Gabrial to Christians, revealed to Muhammad his destiny. The angel appeared to Muhammad and stated O Muhammad Thou art Allahs messenger, and I am Jibril. (Pickthall, M.)At first, Muhammad was quite disturbed by this event. He came to terms with his purp ose and began to preach. In the beginning of his ministry he only preached to his family and friends. This was mainly due to the people of Makkah believe that Muhammad had gone crazy. (Pickthall, M.)After a few years the prophet Muhammad was commanded by Allah to begin to preach to the humanity in order to convert the pagan Arabs to Islamic beliefs. Muhammad and his converts were met with much opposition by the Quraysh. They wanted to keep open to idolize their pagan gods. The majority of Muhammads converts were powerless in defense against the Quraysh. The persecution was horrible. Muhammad urged all of his converts that were able to leave Makkah and go to the Christian country of Abyssinia which is now Ethiopia. (Pickthall, M.)

Acid Rain: the Southern Company (a) Case Analysis Essay

Acid Rain The Southern Company (A) contingency Analysis Production Processes and CostsExecutive SummaryIn the class 1992, the Southern Company that held the Bowen plant, a sear-fired steam electric plant had to decide on the various options avail suit adapted to watch over with the amendments in the denude Air bit, entrapive 1995. The Bowen plant was an unusually large plant with a capacity to serve the residential, commercial and industrial demands of 1 one thousand thousand people. The Bowen generators consumed 8.338 million haemorrhoid of blacken and generated 21,551 million ki first gearatt-hours of electrical energy. During 1990, Bowen plant emitted over 30 tons of treat dioxide per hour, an important precursor of acid rain. In 1990, Congress passes the l apiece Air Act that aimed at controlling acid rain. As per the Clean Air Act, beginning 1995 ( sort 1) all the combust-fired return plants would be receiving allowances to emit 2.5 pounds of reciprocal ohm dioxide per million British Thermal Units (MMBtu) of combust consumed.In the year 2000 (Phase 2), all scorch-fired utility program plants, would get allowances worth 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of coal. The plants either had to reduce their emissions or purchase additional allowances from different firms. The Bowen plant current allowances for 254,580 tons of sulfur dioxide for each if the five age, from 1995 till 1999. From year 2000, it would receive allowances worth 122,198 tons per year. To comply with this new law, Southern Company had the following options * cremate high sulfur Kentucky coal without scrubbing the polish off gases, as in past, and buy the allowances from other firms. * lay out scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. There were provided two options in stock(predicate) to be accounted * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 1994, to be desex for Phase one. * Install scrubbers from 1997-1999 and be ready for Phase 2. * Swit ch to low-sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The emissions would be lower than the get permitted in Phase One, but inPhase Two they would withdraw to buy allowances. As a result of the analyses, pickaxe 3 burning low-sulfur coal seem to be the topper fit in this situation, because it has the minimum apostrophize conglomerate and thereby, generates the maximum acquire for the company.PROBLEM STATEMENTThe Southern Company, is trying to figure out the best option usable, the one with the minimum termss relate, to comply with the amendments in the Clean Air Act, effective 1995. The of import bribe was the make sense of sulfur dioxide emitted each hour by the plant, which was 30 tons in year 1990. As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, the amount of sulfur dioxide was regulated to 2.5 pounds per MMBTu of coal from year 1995 and gain ground reduced to 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of coal from year 2000. The regulated amount was the positive emission allowed by all the coal-fired utility plants in the country. As a result, Bowen plant would receive an allowance for 254,580 tons for each of five years beginning 1995 and 122,198 tons per year starting 2000. The company could either buy extra allowances from other firms or reduce the emission amount by either scrubbing off the sulfur dioxide from exhausted gases or use low-sulfur coal.METHODOLOGYThe trip commits three main options which were analysed to make an informed decision just about the choice to be made. I learn calculated the net present grade of the termss involved in each of the three methods and recommend the option one with minimum net present value of terms to be utilize for complying with the Clean Air Act amendment. The three available options atomic number 18* Burn high sulfur Kentucky coal without scrubbing the exhaust gases, as in past, and buy the allowances from other firms. * Install scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. There w ere further two options available to be considered * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 1994, to be ready for Phase one. The Bowen plant would then be generating lower sulfur dioxide emissions that could be sold to other firms* Install scrubbers from 1997-1999 and be ready for Phase 2. In this, they leave alone be generating excess of allowed emission trainin Phase 1 (1995-1999) and would reach to buy those allowances. Starting Phase 2 (year 2000), they would be in a state to sell the allowances. * Switch to low-sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The emissions would be lower than the amount permitted in Phase One, but in Phase Two they would have to buy allowances.To calculate the total costs involved for each of the three options, I have considered only those factors that atomic number 18 not greens in all. I have calculated only the excess of cost that might be necessitate to deploy an option. The current operating costs and all costs that do not change among st the options have been left out as these costs would remain same and will have no effect on the decision.Data Requirement or SourcesThe data used to perform analysis has been taken from the case study only. The factors available atomic number 18 * Switching cost of coal switching from high sulfur to low sulfur. * Costs or revenue involved with buying or interchange, respectively, the sulfur dioxide emission allowances. * Depreciation on capital costs* Capital costs involved to upgrade the plant with scrubbers or quick machinery. * extra operating costs* Energy consumptions (Revenue lost) when using scrubbers. * Federal and state taxationes involved* Discount rate used by the company to evaluate investment opportunities.Key AssumptionsTo determine the costs involved in the granted three options, following assumptions have been made * There is no available evidence that the cost of coal may deviate from the given amounts, or the company seems to have contracts with the coal ve ndors and so the values are constant. * The electricity generated by the plant remains constant throughout the operation of the plant, that is, amount of electricity generated is 21,551 million kilowatt hours every(prenominal)(prenominal) year.* The amount of coal required togenerate the electricity amount remains headstrong to 8.338 million tons when high-sulfur coal is used and 8.391 million when low-sulfur coal is used. * In 1990, the revenue generated by electricity is $5.6 cents per kilowatt hour on an average, and will more or less the same. * The rate of buying or selling allowances is estimated to be $250 in year 1995 and will increase at a rate of 10% every year till 2010. afterward 2010, the rates will remain constant. * As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, in Phase One, Bowen plant will be allowed to emit 254580 tons of sulfur dioxide and in Phase Two, 122198 tons of sulfur dioxide. * There are firms ready to sell or buy the allowances for sulfur dioxide emissi ons.AnalysisOption 1 Burning High-Sulfur Coal without Scrubbers Purchase Allowances In this option, we consider using the existing infrastructure. Since, the companies are allowed to buy extra emissions from some other firms, we will consider that. The information that is available to analyze is* Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is expected to fall down to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 266550 tons for burning 8.338 million of high-sulfur coal. * The first and only cost in this method will be the cost to buy emission allowances for sulfur dioxide from other firms. The costs will vary every year because of the diversion in allowance prices as shown in Exhibit Option11. * There is no capital costs involved in this method as there we are not spend in machinery required. Also, since there is no capital costs involved, there is no depreciation. * The additional operating costs are also zero.After, adding the tax benefits to the tota l cost, the net present value of cost in this method is $266,379,610. The advantages of using this approach are that there will be no costs to add or upgrade machinery. Also, since the plant will be operating as it currently is, there are least chances of unexpected malfunctioning of the plant. The issue with this approach is that we are assuming that there are firms involuntary to sell their allowances.But, since it is known that the Bowen plant is relatively cleaner thanthe other coal-fired steam electric plant, finding the firms willing to sell involves risk. And in-case, if we are not able to find firms ready to sell allowances, it will put the plant into a risk of shutting the trading operations and pay fines, or decrease the amount of electricity generation to emit the allowed sulfur dioxide levels. Also, it is a greater threat to the environment to emit such large numbers of sulfur dioxide when there are methods available to decrease those numbers.Option 2 Burning High-Sul fur Coal with Scrubbers Sell Allowances In this option, we consider adding scrubbers to the plant. Scrubbers will benefactor reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions by 90%. In this option, the plant will be able to sell allowances as very low amounts of sulfur dioxide will be emitted by the plant. The information that is available to analyze this option is * Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is expected to fall down to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 26655 tons for burning 8.338 million of high-sulfur coal, once the scrubbers are installed * The first cost in this method will be the cost of lay scrubbers. The scrubbers are highly expensive and so can be considered to be installed and ready to use either by the beginning of Phase 1 (year 1995) or by the starting of Phase 2 (year 2000).The total capital costs including the 10% capital interest for installing scrubbers is $719,430,000. The cost is spread over three years, $143 ,850,000 $503,610,000 $71,970,000. * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments in installing scrubbers. * The additional operating cost is $0.0013 per kilowatt hour that amounts to a total cost of $28,016,300 per kilowatt hour for each year * Also, the operation of Scrubbers uses 2% of the total electricity generated, which means 2% of the total revenue generated every year which has the value of $24,137,120. After adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the net present value of cost in this option is $451,531,619 if the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 1 (as shown in Exhibit Option2A). If the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 2 the net present value comes out to be $293,959,184 (shown in Exhibit Option2B).The advantages of using this approach are that there is a very low emission level of sulfur dioxide, and we can earn revenue by selling allowances. Also, we are sure that there willbe firms ready to buy those allowances . This option also is right for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the net present value of the cost is high. Also, we will be investing atleast $293,959,184 in the plant which we are sure will be operational for only a a few(prenominal) more years, till 2016. With the advancement in technology, there are higher chances of new more efficient plants to come on stream even earlier.Option 3 Burning Low-Sulfur CoalIn this option, we consider changing the type of coal that is burnt in the plant. We can switch to low sulfur coal which contains 1% sulfur by weight and so will reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide in the environment. The information that is available to analyze this option is * Cost of low- sulfur coal from 1996 is $30.37 per ton and is expected to hiking to $34.92 per ton from 2000. In years 1992-1995, coal used in the plant will be high-sulfur coal which has the cost of $41.46 per ton * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 16750 tons for b urning 8.391 million of low-sulfur coal starting 1996 and so we would have to buy emission allowances for the years 1995, 2000-2016 and we will generate revenue in years 1996-1999 by selling the excess of emission allowance.* The first cost in this method will be the cost of switching from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal. The amount and cost of high-sulfur coal required to generate 21,551 million kilowatt hours every year is different from the low-sulfur coal rate and quantity. There is an overall increase in the cost when operations are switched from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal as shown in Exhibit Option3. * Switching to low-sulfur coals also need changes in the existing electrostatic precipitators used to control airborne particulate matter as it is currently designed for operating with high-sulfur coal. The costs for upgrading the electrostatic precipitators for low-sulfur coal is $22.1 million * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments for upgrading electrostatic precipitators.After adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the net present value of cost in this option is $176,919,328 (as shown in Exhibit Option3). The advantages of using this approach are that the net present value of the costs is the lowest and so is most beneficial for theSouthern Company. There is relatively lower emission level of sulfur dioxide. Although we have to buy allowances in most of the years, still the lower levels are better for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the investing a $22.1 million in the plant and we are depending on the new type of coal whose cost is expected to rise over the years.Conclusions and ConcernsAfter analyzing all the three available options, I would dissolve that the best option to be deployed is Option 3 Burn low-sulfur coal. This option does not only have the least cost but is also beneficial for the environment. The option will generate higher profits for the co mpany and we can have even a lower cost, if the price of the low sulfur coal does not rise and is negotiable. Also, there can be a possibility that the changes in the electricity precipitator for low-sulfur coal could decrease the emission levels. The major concern with this option is that we have to either find firms willing to sell their allowances (although a small amount) or would have to decrease the amount of electricity generated to adjust the sulfur dioxide emissions which will impact the revenues but since the amounts are low, the revenues will not be affected adversely.